Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ubilaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Cognate with Proto-Celtic *uɸelos (“bad, evil”),^[1] but the source is disputed.^[2] Possibly either:

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂upélos, from a root *h₂wep(h₁)- (“bad, evil”) + *-elo-, thereby cognate with Hittite 𒄷𒉿𒀊𒍣 (huwapp-ⁱ, “to mistreat, harass”), 𒄷𒉿𒀊𒉺𒀸 (huwappa-, “evil, badness”).^[3] Kroonen doubts the comparison to Hittite on the grounds that the Hittite verb preserves an earlier meaning “to throw/cast away” and so the semantic development to “evil” was probably post-PIE.^[2]
From Proto-Indo-European *upélos (“evil”, literally “going over or beyond (acceptable limits)”), from *upó, *up (“down, up, over”), thus it would be equivalent to *ub (“under”) +‎ *-ilaz. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈu.βi.lɑz/

Adjective

*ubilaz (adverb *wirsiz, comparative *wirsizô, superlative *wirsistaz)^[2]

evil, bad

Inflection

Declension of *ubilaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*ubilaz	*ubilai	*ubilō	*ubilôz	*ubilą, -atō	*ubilō
Accusative	*ubilanǭ	*ubilanz	*ubilǭ	*ubilōz	*ubilą, -atō	*ubilō
Genitive	*ubilas, -is	*ubilaizǫ̂	*ubilaizōz	*ubilaizǫ̂	*ubilas, -is	*ubilaizǫ̂
Dative	*ubilammai	*ubilaimaz	*ubilaizōi	*ubilaimaz	*ubilammai	*ubilaimaz
Instrumental	*ubilanō	*ubilaimiz	*ubilaizō	*ubilaimiz	*ubilanō	*ubilaimiz

Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*ubilô	*ubilaniz	*ubilǭ	*ubilōniz	*ubilô	*ubilōnō
Accusative	*ubilanų	*ubilanunz	*ubilōnų	*ubilōnunz	*ubilô	*ubilōnō
Genitive	*ubiliniz	*ubilanǫ̂	*ubilōniz	*ubilōnǫ̂	*ubiliniz	*ubilanǫ̂
Dative	*ubilini	*ubilammaz	*ubilōni	*ubilōmaz	*ubilini	*ubilammaz
Instrumental	*ubilinē	*ubilammiz	*ubilōnē	*ubilōmiz	*ubilinē	*ubilammiz

Synonyms

*ilhilaz (North Germanic)

Antonyms

*gōdaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *ubil
- Old English: yfel, efel, eofel
  - Middle English: yvel, uvel, evel
    - English: evil
    - Scots: evil, ewil
- Old Frisian: evel
  - Saterland Frisian: eeuwel
  - West Frisian: evel
- Old Saxon: uvil
  - Middle Low German: ovel
    - Plautdietsch: iebel
  - → West Frisian: euvel
- Old Dutch: uvil
  - Middle Dutch: evel, ovel, oevel
    - Dutch: euvel
      - Afrikaans: euwel
- Old High German: ubil
  - Middle High German: übel, *üvel (West Central German)
    - German: übel
    - Luxembourgish: iwwel
Gothic: 𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐍃 (ubils)

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ufelo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 396
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*ubila-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 557
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 369–372

[1] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ufelo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 396

[EDPG-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*ubila-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 557

[3] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 369–372

[1]