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Hippocampal formation

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Hippocampal formation
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The hippocampal formation, as drawn by Santiago Ramon y Cajal: DG: dentate gyrus. Sub: subiculum. EC: entorhinal cortex. CA1-CA3: hippocampus proper
Details
Part ofTemporal lobe
Identifiers
Latinformatio hippocampi
NeuroNames177
NeuroLex IDbirnlex_7151
FMA74038
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

The hippocampal formation is a compound structure in the medial temporal lobe of the brain. It forms a c-shaped bulge on the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle.[1] There is no consensus concerning which brain regions are encompassed by the term, with some authors defining it as the dentate gyrus, the hippocampus proper and the subiculum;[2] and others including also the presubiculum, parasubiculum, and entorhinal cortex.[3] The hippocampal formation is thought to play a role in memory, spatial navigation and control of attention. The neural layout and pathways within the hippocampal formation are very similar in all mammals.[4]

History and function

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During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, based largely on the observation that, between species, the size of the olfactory bulb varies with the size of the parahippocampal gyrus, the hippocampal formation was thought to be part of the olfactory system.[5]

In 1937, Papez theorized that a circuit including the hippocampal formation constitutes the neural substrate of emotional behavior,[6] and Klüver and Bucy reported that, in monkeys, surgical removal of the hippocampal formation and the amygdaloid complex has a profound effect on emotional responses.[7][8] As a consequence of these publications, the idea that the hippocampal formation is entirely dedicated to olfaction began to recede.[9]

Medial (inner) surface of the right hemisphere of a human brain

In an influential 1947 review, Alf Brodal pointed out that mammal species thought to have no sense of smell nevertheless have fully intact hippocampal formations, that removal of the hippocampal formation did not affect the ability of dogs to perform tasks dependent on olfaction, and that no fibers were actually known that carry information directly from the olfactory bulb to any part of the hippocampal formation.[10] Though massive direct input from the olfactory bulb to the entorhinal cortex has subsequently been found,[11] the current view is that the hippocampal formation is not an integral part of the olfactory system.[12]

In 1900, the Russian neurologist Vladimir Bekhterev described two patients with a significant memory deficit who, on autopsy, were found to have softening of hippocampal and adjacent cortical tissue;[13] and, in 1957, William Beecher Scoville and Brenda Milner reported memory loss in a series of patients subsequent to their removal of the patients' medial temporal lobes.[14] Thanks to these observations and a great deal of subsequent research, it is now broadly accepted that the hippocampal formation plays a role in some aspects of memory.[12]

EEG evidence from 1938 to the present, stimulation evidence from the 1950s, and modern imaging techniques together suggest a role for some part of the hippocampal formation (in concert with the anterior cingulate cortex) in the control of attention.[12]

In 1971, John O'Keefe and his student Jonathan Dostrovsky discovered place cells: neurons in the rat hippocampus whose activity relates to the animal's location within its environment.[15] Despite skepticism from other investigators, O'Keefe and his co-workers, including Lynn Nadel, continued to investigate this question, in a line of work that eventually led to their very influential 1978 book The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map.[16] The discovery of place cells, together with the discovery of grid cells by May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser, and the mapping of the function of the hippocampal formation in spatial awareness, led to the joint award of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2014. In addition to place cells and grid cells, two further classes of spatial cell have since been identified in the hippocampal formation: head direction cells and boundary cells. As with the memory theory, there is now almost universal agreement that the hippocampal formation plays an important role in spatial coding, but the details are widely debated.[17]

References

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  1. ^ Schultz, Christian; Engelhardt, Maren (2014). "Anatomy of the Hippocampal Formation". The Hippocampus in Clinical Neuroscience. Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience. 34: 6–17. doi:10.1159/000360925. ISBN 978-3-318-02567-5. PMID 24777126.
  2. ^ Martin, JH (2003). "Lymbic system and cerebral circuits for emotions, learning, and memory". Neuroanatomy: text and atlas (third ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies. p. 382. ISBN 0-07-121237-X.
  3. ^ Amaral, D; Lavenex, P (2007). "Hippocampal neuroanatomy". In Anderson, P; Morris, R; Amaral, D; Bliss, T; I'Keefe (eds.). The hippocampus book (first ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780195100273.
  4. ^ Anderson, P; Morris, R; Amaral, D; Bliss, T; O'Keefe, J (2007). "The hippocampal formation". In Anderson, P; Morris, R; Amaral, D; Bliss, T; I'Keefe (eds.). The hippocampus book (first ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780195100273.
  5. ^ Finger, S (2001). "Defining and controlling the circuits of emotion". Origins of neuroscience: a history of explorations into brain function. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. p. 286. ISBN 0-19-506503-4.
  6. ^ Papez, JW (1937). "A proposed mechanism of emotion". Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry. 38 (4): 725–43. doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1937.02260220069003.
  7. ^ Klüver, H; Bucy, PC (1937). ""Psychic blindness" and other symptoms following bilateral temporal lobectomy in Rhesus monkeys". American Journal of Physiology. 119: 352–53.
  8. ^ Klüver, H; Bucy, PC (1939). "Preliminary analysis of functions of the temporal lobes in monkeys". Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry. 42 (6): 979–1000. doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1939.02270240017001.
  9. ^ Nieuwenhuys, R; Voogd, J; van Huijzen, C (2008). "The greater limbic system". The human central nervous system (fourth ed.). Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 917. ISBN 978-3-540-13441-1.
  10. ^ Brodal, A (1947). "Hippocampus and the sense of smell". Brain. 70 (Pt 2): 179–222. doi:10.1093/brain/70.2.179. PMID 20261820.
  11. ^ Shipley, MT; Adamek, GD (1984). "The connections of the mouse olfactory bulb: a study using orthograde and retrograde transport of wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horsradish peroxidase". Brain Research Bulletin. 12 (6): 669–688. doi:10.1016/0361-9230(84)90148-5. PMID 6206930. S2CID 4706475.
  12. ^ a b c Anderson, P; Morris, R; Amaral, D; Bliss, T; O'Keefe, J (2007). "Historical perspective: Proposed functions, biological characteristics, and neurobiological models of the hippocampus". In Anderson, P; Morris, R; Amaral, D; Bliss, T; I'Keefe (eds.). The hippocampus book (first ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 9–36. ISBN 9780195100273.
  13. ^ Bekhterev, V (1900). "Demonstration eines gehirns mit zerstörung der vorderen und inneren theile der hirnrinde beider schläfenlappen". Neurologische Zeitenblatte. 19: 990–991.
  14. ^ Scoville, WB; Milner B (1957). "Loss of Recent Memory After Bilateral Hippocampal Lesions". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 20 (1): 11–21. doi:10.1136/jnnp.20.1.11. PMC 497229. PMID 13406589.
  15. ^ O'Keefe J, Dostrovsky J (1971). "The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat". Brain Res. 34 (1): 171–75. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(71)90358-1. PMID 5124915.
  16. ^ O'Keefe, J; Nadel L (1978). The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-857206-9. Archived from the original on 2011-03-24. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
  17. ^ Moser, EI; Moser M-B (1998). "Functional differentiation in the hippocampus". Hippocampus. 8 (6): 608–19. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1998)8:6<608::AID-HIPO3>3.0.CO;2-7. PMID 9882018. S2CID 32384692.
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