vigil

From Middle English vigile (“a devotional watching”), from Old French vigile, from Latin vigilia (“wakefulness, watch”), from vigil (“awake”), from Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“to be strong, lively, awake”). See also wake and vigor, from the same root.

• IPA^(key): /ˈvɪd͡ʒəl/

• Audio (Southern England):

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• Rhymes: -ɪdʒəl

vigil (plural vigils)

1. An instance of keeping awake during normal sleeping hours, especially to keep watch or pray.
   • 1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XII, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 149:

     I saw her head drooped upon her hand; her whole attitude expressing that profound depression, whose lonely vigil wastes the midnight in a gloomy watch, which yet hopes for nothing at its close.

   • 2016, Colson Whitehead, The Underground Railroad, Fleet (2017), page 165:

     Eventually the body trade grew so reckless that relatives took to holding graveside vigils, lest their loved ones disappear in the night.

   • 2024 September 5, Isabella Kwai, John Yoon, Rebecca Cheptegei, Olympic Runner From Uganda, Dies After Gasoline Attack‎^[1], The New York Times:

     A vigil was held for Ms. Cheptegei on Wednesday night, Ms. Indimuli said, with many women praying that she would survive.

2. A period of observation or surveillance at any hour.

   His dog kept vigil outside the hospital for eight days while he was recovering from an accident.

3. The eve of a religious festival in which staying awake is part of the ritual devotions.
4. A quiet demonstration in support of a cause.

   The protesters kept vigil outside the conference centre in which the party congress was being held.

• (watch, especially at night): lookout, look-out, qui vive, watch

• vigilance
• vigilant
• vigilation
• vigilous

vigil (third-person singular simple present vigils, present participle vigiling, simple past and past participle vigiled)

1. To participate in a vigil.
   • 1985 August 17, Loie Hayes, “Lesbian 'Shadow Painters' Join in Nuclear Protest”, in Gay Community News, volume 13, number 6, page 1:

     As the arrested painters and their supporters waited out their "day in court," other activists distributed Hiroshima information leaflets, vigiled silently with placards and banners, and marched 500-strong through downtown Boston to a rally at City Hall Plaza.

From Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“to be strong, lively, awake”), whence vigeō.^[1]

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈu̯i.ɡil/, [ˈu̯ɪɡɪɫ̪]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈvi.d͡ʒil/, [ˈviːd͡ʒil]

vigil (genitive vigilis); third-declension one-termination adjective

1. awake, watching, alert

Third-declension one-termination adjective.

Number	Singular			Plural
Case / Gender	Masc./Fem.	Neuter		Masc./Fem.	Neuter
Nominative	vigil			vigilēs	vigilia
Genitive	vigilis			vigilium
Dative	vigilī			vigilibus
Accusative	vigilem	vigil		vigilēs	vigilia
Ablative	vigilī			vigilibus
Vocative	vigil			vigilēs	vigilia

vigil m (genitive vigilis); third declension

1. watchman, guard, sentinel; constable, fireman; angel
2. (in the plural) the watch, police, constabulary

Third-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	vigil	vigilēs
Genitive	vigilis	vigilum
Dative	vigilī	vigilibus
Accusative	vigilem	vigilēs
Ablative	vigile	vigilibus
Vocative	vigil	vigilēs

• vigilia
• vigilō

• “vigil”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “vigil”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• vigil in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.