This program transmits radio on computers / phones without radio transmitting hardware.
Listen to online radio - https://radiostay.com/
Some computers are intentionally disconnected from the rest of the world. This includes having their internet, wireless, bluetooth, USB, external file storage and audio capabilities removed. This is called "air gapping". Even in such a situation, this program can transmit radio.
Publicly available documents already discuss exfiltration from secured systems using various electromagnetic radiations. This is documented in the TEMPEST guidelines published by the US National Security Agency and the US Department of Defense. This project simply adds to that discussion.
NEW: Try it in your browser, click here: http://fulldecent.github.io/system-bus-radio/
Enter the implementations folder, select any of them and compile using make.
makeRun this using a 2015 model MacBook Air. Then use a Sony STR-K670P radio receiver with the included antenna and tune it to 1580 kHz on AM.
Run it and reference the a tune file or make your own!
./main ../../tunes/mary_had_a_little_lamb.tuneYou should hear the "Mary Had a Little Lamb" tune playing repeatedly. Other equipment and tuning may work as well. On the equipment above, the author has achieved clear transmission over two meters of open air or one meter through drywall. Different results will be achievable with different equipment.
Are you using an antenna? At the beginning, the author placed the antenna directly on top of the number 4 key and that worked best (on any AM frequency). It was a round antenna. Then once they knew it worked they moved the antenna back. Moving it back reduced the number of frequencies that it worked on, and eventually only that one (1580 kHz) worked. Different hardware will certainly have different frequency response. Here are some results that have been sent in by readers. Please mail github.com@phor.net with your results (including makes and models of all equipment involved) or edit this file directly and create a pull request.
WANTED: Please post your test results using Raspberry Pi and other embedded systems. This may be particularly good targets because of less shielding/hardening of their hardware.
NEW: See our [basic RTL SDR guide] to receive system bus signals using another computer with RTL SDR hardware.
This program runs instructions on the computer that cause electromagnetic radiation. The emissions are of a broad frequency range. To be accepted by the radio, those frequencies must:
- Be emitted by the computer processor and other subsystems
- Escape the computer shielding
- Pass through the air or other obstructions
- Be accepted by the antenna
- Be selected by the receiver
By trial and error, the above frequency was found to be ideal for that equipment.
The actual emissions are caused by the _mm_stream_si128 instruction that writes through to a memory address. Inspiration for using this instruction was provided in:
Guri, M., Kachlon, A., Hasson, O., Kedma, G., Mirsky, Y. and Elovici, Y., 2015. GSMem: data exfiltration from air-gapped computers over GSM frequencies. In 24th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 15) (pp. 849-864).
Please note that replacing _mm_stream_si128 with a simple x++; will work too. The author's experience has been that _mm_stream_si128 produces a stronger signal. There may be other ideas that work even better, and it would be nice to improve this method to be more portable (not require SSE extensions).
The program uses square wave modulation, which is depicted below:
|<--------------------TIME-------------------->|
| |
|‾|_|‾|_|‾|_____________|‾|_|‾|_|‾|_____________
| | | |
|<------SIGNAL--------->| | |
| |
|<->| CARRIER
Notes on high precision time APIs:
- Get current time
- mach_absolute_time() gives time in int64_t of nanoseconds
- clock_get_time() gives a mach_timespec_t time
- Called from mach_absolute_time()
- mach_timespec_t
- http://stackoverflow.com/a/21352348/300224
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5167269/clock-gettime-alternative-in-mac-os-x
- Sleep
- mach_wait_until()
- nanosleep()
- clock_sleep_trap()
- Used from nanosleep()
- Declared https://opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-1456.1.26/osfmk/mach/mach_traps.h
- Definition http://unix.superglobalmegacorp.com/xnu/newsrc/osfmk/kern/clock.c.html
- Uses clock_sleep_internal()
- Uses ADD_MACH_TIMESPEC
- clock type constants https://opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-1456.1.26/osfmk/mach/clock_types.h?txt
- TIME_ABSOLUTE
- TIME_RELATIVE
- Defines ADD_MACH_TIMESPEC(t1, t2) // t1 += t2
- Defines CMP_MACH_TIMESPEC(t1, t2) // t1 <=> t2, also (t1 - t2) in nsec with max of +- 1 sec
- msleep() https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/Darwin/Conceptual/KernelProgramming/services/services.html
- kern/clock.h https://opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-1456.1.26/osfmk/kern/clock.h