Leonhard Euler

Leonhard Euler
Farfesa
Farfesa
adjunct (en)
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Basel (en) , 15 ga Afirilu, 1707
ƙasa	Old Swiss Confederacy (en) ; Russian Empire (en) ; Kingdom of Prussia (en)
Mazauni	Basel (en) ; Saint-Petersburg; Saint-Petersburg; Berlin; Q15782821
Mutuwa	Saint-Petersburg, 18 Satumba 1783
Makwanci	Smolensky Lutheran Cemetery (en) ; Lazarev Cemetery (en)
Yanayin mutuwa	Sababi na ainihi (cerebral hemorrhage (en) )
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	Paul III Euler
Mahaifiya	Marguerite Brucker
Abokiyar zama	Katharina Euler (en) (1733 - ; Salomea Abigail Euler (en) (1776 -
Yara	view Johann Euler (en) ; Christoph Euler (en) ; Carl Euler (en) ;
Karatu
Makaranta	University of Basel (en) ; (1720 -
Matakin karatu	master's degree (en) ; Doctor of Philosophy (en)
Thesis director	Johann Bernoulli (mul)
Harsuna	Harshen Latin; Jamusanci; Faransanci; Rashanci
Ɗalibai	view Mikhail Golovin (en) ; Petr Inokhodtsev (en) ; Semen Kotelnikov (en) ; Anders Johan Lexell (en) ; Stepan Rumovsky (en) ; Nicolas Fuss (en) ; Johann Euler (en) ; Joseph-Louis Lagrange (mul) ;
Sana'a
Sana'a	masanin lissafi, physicist (en) , university teacher (en) , marubuci, music theorist (en) , Ilimin Taurari, scientist (en) , inventor (en) , executive (en) da masanin yanayin ƙasa
Wurin aiki	Saint-Petersburg, Berlin, Basel (en) , Saint-Petersburg da Berlin
Employers	Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (en) ; Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (en) ; Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences (en) (1727 - 1741); Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences (en) (1766 -
Muhimman ayyuka	Euler's theorem (en) ; Euler's rotation theorem (en) ; Euler's theorem in geometry (en) ; Euler's sum of powers conjecture (en) ; Euler's polyhedron formula (en) ; Euler-Lagrange equation (en) ; Cauchy–Euler equation (en) ; Euler's totient function (en) ; Euler's identity (en) ; Euler's four-square identity (en) ; Euler's formula (en) ; Euler's theorem (en) ; gamma function (en) ; Gaussian integral (en) ; Euler–Mascheroni constant (en) ; lucky numbers of Euler (en) ; Euler diagram (en) ; nine-point circle (en) ; Euler line (en) ; Eulerian path (en)
Kyaututtuka	gani Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1782) ; Fellow of the Royal Society ;
Wanda ya ja hankalinsa	Pierre de Fermat (mul) , Christiaan Huygens (mul) da Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (en)
Mamba	Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (en) ; Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (en) ; Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences (en) ; French Academy of Sciences (en) ; American Academy of Arts and Sciences (en) ; Royal Society (en) ; Academy of Sciences of Turin (en)
Imani
Addini	Protestan bangaskiya
IMDb	nm5996380

е

Leonhard Euler

Farfesa

1766 -

Farfesa

22 ga Janairu, 1731 ^(Julian) - 1741

adjunct ^(en)

1727 - 1730

Rayuwa

Haihuwa

Basel ^(en)

, 15 ga Afirilu, 1707

ƙasa

Old Swiss Confederacy ^(en)

Russian Empire ^(en)

Kingdom of Prussia ^(en)

Mazauni

Basel ^(en)

Saint-Petersburg
Saint-Petersburg
Berlin
Q15782821

Mutuwa

Saint-Petersburg, 18 Satumba 1783

Makwanci

Smolensky Lutheran Cemetery ^(en)

Lazarev Cemetery ^(en)

Yanayin mutuwa

Sababi na ainihi (cerebral hemorrhage ^(en)

)

Ƴan uwa

Mahaifi

Paul III Euler

Mahaifiya

Marguerite Brucker

Abokiyar zama

Katharina Euler ^(en)

(1733 -
Salomea Abigail Euler ^(en)

(1776 -

Yara

view

Johann Euler ^(en)
Christoph Euler ^(en)
Carl Euler ^(en)

Karatu

Makaranta

University of Basel ^(en)

(1720 -

Matakin karatu

master's degree ^(en)

Doctor of Philosophy ^(en)

Thesis director

Johann Bernoulli ^(mul)

Harsuna

Harshen Latin
Jamusanci
Faransanci
Rashanci

Ɗalibai

view

Mikhail Golovin ^(en)
Petr Inokhodtsev ^(en)
Semen Kotelnikov ^(en)
Anders Johan Lexell ^(en)
Stepan Rumovsky ^(en)
Nicolas Fuss ^(en)
Johann Euler ^(en)
Joseph-Louis Lagrange ^(mul)

Sana'a

masanin lissafi, physicist ^(en)

, university teacher ^(en)

, marubuci, music theorist ^(en)

, Ilimin Taurari, scientist ^(en)

, inventor ^(en)

, executive ^(en)

da masanin yanayin ƙasa

Wurin aiki

Saint-Petersburg, Berlin, Basel ^(en)

, Saint-Petersburg da Berlin

Employers

Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences ^(en)

Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences ^(en)

Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences ^(en)

(1727 - 1741)
Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences ^(en)

(1766 -

Muhimman ayyuka

Euler's theorem ^(en)
Euler's rotation theorem ^(en)
Euler's theorem in geometry ^(en)
Euler's sum of powers conjecture ^(en)
Euler's polyhedron formula ^(en)
Euler-Lagrange equation ^(en)
Cauchy–Euler equation ^(en)
Euler's totient function ^(en)
Euler's identity ^(en)
Euler's four-square identity ^(en)
Euler's formula ^(en)
Euler's theorem ^(en)
gamma function ^(en)
Gaussian integral ^(en)
Euler–Mascheroni constant ^(en)
lucky numbers of Euler ^(en)
Euler diagram ^(en)
nine-point circle ^(en)
Euler line ^(en)
Eulerian path ^(en)

Kyaututtuka

gani

Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1782)
Fellow of the Royal Society

Wanda ya ja hankalinsa

Pierre de Fermat ^(mul)

, Christiaan Huygens ^(mul)

da Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis ^(en)

Mamba

Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences ^(en)

Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ^(en)

Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences ^(en)

French Academy of Sciences ^(en)

American Academy of Arts and Sciences ^(en)

Royal Society ^(en)

Academy of Sciences of Turin ^(en)

Imani

Addini

Protestan bangaskiya

IMDb

nm5996380

Leonhard Euler, (15 ga watan Aprelu 1707- 18 ga watan Satumban 1783) (lafazi: /leonard oy-lar/) ya kasance masanin lissafi ne ɗan ƙasar Switzerland, masanin limin physics, masanin ilimin taurari, masanin geography, masanin lissafin logic kuma injiniya, wanda ya ƙirƙiri nazarin graph theory da kuma topology kuma ya binciko abubuwa masu tasiri matuka a rassan lissafi irinsu; analytic number theory, complex analysis, da kuma infinitesimal calculus.. Ya rayu mafi ransa a Rasha da kuma Jamus. Shine ya ƙirƙiri mafi akasarin dabarun lissafi na zamani da kuma alamomi, wanda ya haɗa da alamomi na Mathematical Functions.^[1] Haka zalika kuma yayi fice ta hanyar ayyukansa a mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, astronomy da kuma music theory.

Ana ɗaukar Euler a matsayin masana lissafi na musamman a tarihi kuma mafi mafi mahimmanci a ƙarni na 18. Masana lissafi da dama wanda suka rayu bayan mutuwar Euler sun tabbatar da muhimmancinsa a lissafi kamar yanda aka hakayo a maganan daga mafiya yawancinsu: Pierre-Simon Laplace ya bayyana tasirin Euler a fannin issafi: Karanci Euler," ƙaranci Euler, shine mai gidanmu duka".^[2] Carl Friedrich Gaus ya rubuta cewa: "Nazarin ayyukan Euler zai dawwama a matsayin makaranta na musamman da rassa daban daban na lissafi, kuma babu wani abu da zai maye gurbin shi."^[3] Har wayau ana ɗaukar Euler a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa samar da ayyuka masu inganci; ayyukansa guda 866 da sauran ayyuka na nan an tattara su a Opera Omnia Leonhard Euler, wanda idan aka kammala tattara shi zai ƙunshi juz'oi guda 81.^[4]^[5]^[6] Ya kwashe mafi akasarin rayuwarasa a Saint-Petersburg, Rasha da kuma Berlin, sannan daga baya kuma a babban birnin Prussia.

Ana jinjina wa Euler da fito da harafin Girkanci π (pi) don nuna ratio na circumference na cycle dangane da diameter ta, da kuma fara amfani da alamar f(x) a matsayin alamar lissafin function, da harafin i don bayyana imaginary unit, da kuma harafin Girka Σ (babban baƙi na sigma) don nuna tarawa, da kuma harafin Girka Δ don nuna finite differences, da kuma amfani da kananan baƙaƙe don nuna gefe-gefen triangle da kuma manyan baƙi don nuna kusurwowinsa.^[7] Shine ya bayar da ma'anar da ake amfani dasu a yanzu na; constant е, base na natural logarithm, wanda a yanzu ake kira da lambobin Euler.^[8]

Har wayau, Euler shine wanda ya fara amfani da graph theory (a wani lokaci don warware matsalar Seven Bridges of Königsberg). Ya shahara a dalilin ayyukansa wanda suka haɗa daga cikin nasarorinsa kamar haka: warware lissafi na Basel problem, bayan bayyana cewa: adadin infinite series na squared integer reciprocals suna zama daidai π²/6 (the sum of the infinite series of squared integer reciprocals equaled exactly π²/6), da dai sauransu. A ɓangaren physics kuwa, Euler ya sake tsara sharuddan Newton akan physics (Newton's Law of Physics) zuwa sabbin sharudda a aikinsa mai juz'i biyu Mechanica don inganta bayani akan motsin jikkuna (motion of rigid bodies). Haka zalika ya bada gudummawa sosai acikin nazarin elastic deformations of solid objects.

Ƙuruciya

An haifi Euler a ranar 15 ga watan Aprelun shekara ta 1707 a Basel, Switzerland, ga uba Paul III Euler, fasto a cocin Reformed Church da mahaifiyarsa Marguerite (née Brucker) wanda daga cikin tsatsonta akwai malamai da dama na zamunan baya.^[9] Shine babba acikin ƴaƴa huɗu na iyayensa, yana da ƙannai mata biyu, Anna Maria da Maria Magdalena, da kuma ƙani namiji, Johann Heinrich.^[10]^[9] Jim kaɗan bayan haihuwar Leonhard, iyalinsa sun tashi daga Basel zuwa birnin Riehen, ƙasar Switzerland. inda mahaifinsa ya zamo fasto a ƙaramin cocin garin inda Leonhard ya kwashe mafi yawancin yarintarsa.^[9]

Tun yana yaro, mahaifin Euler ya kasance yana koyar dashi lissafi, wanda shima Jacob Bernoulli ya koyar dashi, shekarun da suka gabata a Jami'ar Basel. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas, an tura Euler don yayi rayuwa da kakarsa ta wurin mahaifiya, inda ya shiga makarantar Latin a Basel. Bugu da ƙari, Johannes Burckhardt ya harar da shi a gida, wani saurayi masan theology wanda ke da ra'ayin lissafi.^[9]

Acikin shekarar 1720, a lokacin da yake da shekaru sha uku a duniya, Euler ya fara karatu a Jami'ar Basel. Halartar jami'a acikin waɗannan 'yan kananan shekaru ba abin mamaki bane a wancan lokacin. Johann Bernoulli ya koyar dashi elementary mathematics, kanin marigayi Jacob Bernoulli (wanda ya koyar da mahaifin Euler a baya). Nan da nan Johann Bernoulli da Euler suka san juna. Euler ya kirayi Bernoulli da cewa shine "Tarihin rayuwarsa".^[11]

Aiki

Saint Petersburg

'Ya'yan Johann Bernoulli su biyu Daniel Bernoulli da kuma Nicolaus II Bernoulli sun fara aiki a Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences da ke Saint Petersburg a shekara ta 1725, kuma sun tabbatarwa Euler da cewa zasu ambace shi idan dama ta samu.^[12] A ranar 31 ga watan July 1726 ne Nicolaus ya mutu, bayan yayi fama da cutar appendicitis, inda ya kwashe ƙasa da shekara guda a Rasha.^[13]^[14] Bayan Daniel ya maye gurbin dan uwansa a fannin lissafi/physics, sai ya nemi da a cike gurbin da ya bari da abokinshi Euler.^[15] Acikin watan Nuwamban 1726 ne, Euler yayi maza ya amshi aikin. Amma ya jinkirta zuwa gari Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but delayed making the trip to Saint Petersburg a dalilin cewa ya rigaya ya nemi matsayin farfesa a jami'ar ƙasar Basel, wanda daga bisani bai samu nasara ba.^[15]

Euler ya isa garin Saint Petersburg a watan Mayun 1727.^[15] A bashi aiki a fannin lissafi. Ya zauna gida ɗaya da Daniel Bernoulli wanda sukayi aiki tare.^[16] Euler ya lakanci harshen Rashanci, ya zauna a garin Saint Petersburg, sannan ya ɗauki aiki na biyu tare da sojojin ruwa na ƙasar Rasha.^[17]

Manazarta

↑ Dunham, William (1999). Euler: The Master of Us All. Dolciani Mathematical Expositions. Vol. 22. Mathematical Association of America. ISBN 978-0-88385-328-3. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2015. p. 17
↑ Dunham 1999, p. xiii "Lisez Euler, lisez Euler, c'est notre maître à tous."
↑ Grinstein, Louise; Lipsey, Sally I. (2001). "Euler, Leonhard (1707–1783)". Encyclopedia of Mathematics Education. Routledge. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-415-76368-4.
↑ "Leonhardi Euleri Opera Omnia (LEOO)". Bernoulli Euler Center. Archived from the originalon 11 September 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
↑ "The works". Bernoulli-Euler Society. Archived from the original on 11 September 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
↑ Gautschi, Walter (2008). "Leonhard Euler: His Life, the Man, and His Works". SIAM Review. 50 (1): 3–33. Bibcode:2008SIAMR..50....3G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.177.8766. doi:10.1137/070702710. ISSN 0036-1445. JSTOR 20454060. p. 3
↑ Assad, Arjang A. (2007). "Leonhard Euler: A brief appreciation". Networks. 49 (3): 190–198. doi:10.1002/net.20158. S2CID 11298706.
↑ Boyer, Carl B (1 June 2021). "Leonhard Euler". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 Gautschi, Walter (2008). "Leonhard Euler: His Life, the Man, and His Works". SIAM Review. 50 (1): 3–33. Bibcode:2008SIAMR..50....3G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.177.8766. doi:10.1137/070702710. ISSN 0036-1445. JSTOR 20454060. p. 4
↑ Calinger, Ronald (2016). Leonhard Euler: Mathematical Genius in the Enlightenment. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11927-4. Archived from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017. p. 11
↑ Gautschi 2008, p. 5.
↑ Calinger, Ronald (1996). "Leonhard Euler: The First St. Petersburg Years (1727–1741)". Historia Mathematica. 23 (2): 121–166. doi:10.1006/hmat.1996.0015. p. 125
↑ Calinger 1996, pp. 121–166.
↑ Retrieved 2 July 2021.
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 Calinger 1996, p. 125.
↑ Calinger 1996, pp. 126–127.
↑ Calinger 1996, p. 127.

Wannan Muƙalar guntuwa ce: tana buƙatar a inganta ta, kuna iya gyara ta.

[1] Dunham, William (1999). Euler: The Master of Us All. Dolciani Mathematical Expositions. Vol. 22. Mathematical Association of America. ISBN 978-0-88385-328-3. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2015. p. 17

[2] Dunham 1999, p. xiii "Lisez Euler, lisez Euler, c'est notre maître à tous."

[3] Grinstein, Louise; Lipsey, Sally I. (2001). "Euler, Leonhard (1707–1783)". Encyclopedia of Mathematics Education. Routledge. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-415-76368-4.

[4] "Leonhardi Euleri Opera Omnia (LEOO)". Bernoulli Euler Center. Archived from the originalon 11 September 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.

[5] "The works". Bernoulli-Euler Society. Archived from the original on 11 September 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.

[6] Gautschi, Walter (2008). "Leonhard Euler: His Life, the Man, and His Works". SIAM Review. 50 (1): 3–33. Bibcode:2008SIAMR..50....3G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.177.8766. doi:10.1137/070702710. ISSN 0036-1445. JSTOR 20454060. p. 3

[7] Assad, Arjang A. (2007). "Leonhard Euler: A brief appreciation". Networks. 49 (3): 190–198. doi:10.1002/net.20158. S2CID 11298706.

[8] Boyer, Carl B (1 June 2021). "Leonhard Euler". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.

[:1-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 Gautschi, Walter (2008). "Leonhard Euler: His Life, the Man, and His Works". SIAM Review. 50 (1): 3–33. Bibcode:2008SIAMR..50....3G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.177.8766. doi:10.1137/070702710. ISSN 0036-1445. JSTOR 20454060. p. 4

[10] Calinger, Ronald (2016). Leonhard Euler: Mathematical Genius in the Enlightenment. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11927-4. Archived from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017. p. 11

[11] Gautschi 2008, p. 5.

[12] Calinger, Ronald (1996). "Leonhard Euler: The First St. Petersburg Years (1727–1741)". Historia Mathematica. 23 (2): 121–166. doi:10.1006/hmat.1996.0015. p. 125

[13] Calinger 1996, pp. 121–166.

[14] Retrieved 2 July 2021.

[:0-15] 15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 Calinger 1996, p. 125.

[16] Calinger 1996, pp. 126–127.

[17] Calinger 1996, p. 127.

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