Ennyanja Edward

Lake Edward Edward Edward nga amannya gaayo ag'ekinaansi eyitibwa Rwitanzigye oba Rweru y'emu ku nyanja esinga okubeera ez'amaanyi ku semazinga wa Afrika. Esinganibwa mu bitundu bya Albertine Rift, mutabi lya bugwanjuba ly'ebitundu bya Buvanjuba bwa Afika kunsalawo salo eri wakati wa Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) ne Uganda, nga embalama zaayo ez'omubukiika ddyo ziri kiromita ntono mu bukiika kkono bwa equator.

Henry Morton Stanley omutambuze eyali akola n'okunoonyereza okuva mu ggwanga lya Wales yasooka okulaba enyanja eno mu 1888, mu lugendo lwa Emin Pasha olwali olw'okulambula ebitundu eby'enjawulo. Ennyanja eno yaweebwa erinya mungeri y'okujukira Omulangira w'e Wales, Albert Edward eyafuulibwa Kabaka Edward VII, nga ono yeeyali mutabani wa Naabagerera Victoria eyali akulembera Bungereza, o.

Mu 1973, Uganda ne Zaire (DRC) baddamu okutuuma ennyanja eno nebagiyita Idi Amin nga basinziira ku eyali nakyemalira Omunayuganda Idi Amin. Oluvannyuma lw'okumugya mu buyinza mu 1979, yaddamu okufuna erinya lyayo eryasooka.

Mu 2014, ennyanja eno yeeyali ensibuko y'obutabanguko obwali busibuka ku mafuta kampuni ya SOCO International kyayingira mu kuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Virunga, ennyanja gyebagisuubira okubeera nga erina amafuta. Wabula banakyalo n'abakozi abaageza ngako okuyimiriza kampuni eno eyali ay'amafuta okuyingira ekifo kino baakubibwa nga, kuba waliwo n'abawambibwa nga era nebabatulugunya. Enteekateeka z'okuddamu okutereeza ensalo salo za Virunga nga temuli nyanja zaatekebwa munkola. Wabula engeri gyekiri nti ekuumiro ly'ebisolo ng'era kifo kyabuwangwa, omuli ebyafaayo ebyeyunira ensi yonna nga ne nyanja kyekimu ku byo, entegeka ez'ekika kino zibeera zikootana n'ekitongole kya World Heritage Convention.^[1]

Ennyanja Edward eri ku buwanvu bwa mita 920 (zefuuti 3,020), nga zino ze kiromita 77 nga zino ze mayiro 48 obuwanvu ne kiro mita 40, nga zemayiro 25 obugazi kunsonda zaayo wezikoma, nga obunene bwayo ebika ebitundu ebiri ku sikweeya kiromita 898, ekigifuula okubeera enyanja eye 15 muzisinga okubeera enene ku semazinga wa Afrika.^[2] Emiga egy'enjawulo okuli Nyamugasani, Ishasha, Rutshuru, Ntungwe, ne Rwindi gyegilikiriza enyanja eno n'amazzi.^[3] Ennyanja George mu bukiika ddyo bwa buvanjuba eyiwa amazzi nga eyita mu mukutu gwa Kazinga Channel. Ennyanja Edward eyiwa amazzi mu bukiika ddyo ng'eyita mu muga Semliki okutuuka mu Nyanja Albert.

Akayiringito akawanvu ak'omubugwanjubwa bw'ekiko eky'amaanyi, kawanvuwa mita 2,000 nga ze fuuti 6,600 wagulu w'omwalo gw'omubugwanjubwa gw'enyanja. Emyalo gy'omu bukiika kkono n'ebifo ebyatondebwawo okuva mu muliro ogwali guva mu nsozi. Ensozi za Ruwenzori ziriko kiromita 20 nga ze mayiro 12 mu bukiika ddyo bw'enyanja .^[4]

Ebitundu bino biraga obukakafu nti waaliwo ensozi ezaali ziwanda omuliro emyaka 5000 egyayita. Ebisaawe ebyaalimu omuliro okuli ekya Katwe-Kikorongo ne Bunyaruguru, by'alina obusongezo n'ebinya, bisinganibwa mujuuyi zombi ez'omukutu gwa Kazinga Channel ku mwalo gw'omubukiika ddayo bya buvanjuba bw'omwaka gw'enyanja eno. Kirowozebwa nti ennyanja George ne Edward mukusooka yali nnyanja emu eyali enene nga yeegata, naye omuliro ogwali guva mu bitundu bino gw'agiyitamu nezigyawula, ekyaleka omukutu gwa Kazinga Channel nga ebimu ku by'asigalawo ku byali bigata ennyanja eno. Mu bukiika kkono yeewasinganibwa May-ya-Moto ebimu ku bifo ebikyalimu omuliro oguva munsozi, nga kiro kiromita 30, nga zino ze mayiro 19 okuva okweyongerayo, ate mu buvanjuba waliyo Nyamuragira nga nakyo kivaamu omuliro okufubutuka munsozi za Virunga, nga kiri kiromita 80, nga ze mayiro 50 mu bukiika kkono, naye omuliro ogukivaamu okutambula gwaali gutuseeko mu nnyanja mu myaka egiyise.^[4]

Ekitundu kya Katwe-Kikorongo fkisinganibwamu ebinya eby'enjawulo n'obusongezo nga biri ku kitundu ekiweza kiromita 30 nga ze mayiro 19 ku kiromita 15 nga zibeera mayiro 9n'obutundu 3 wakati w'enyanja Edward ne George nga muno mulimu n'enyanja musanvu ezatondebwawo oluvannyuma lw'ettaka okugwamu n'erikola ebinya ebinene. Esinga obunene mu zino, kuliko eya kiromita 2 n'obutundu 5, nga ye mayiro 1 n'obutundu 6 ku buvanvu bw'ennyanja Katwe, ng'egya mu kinywa ekya kiromita 4 nga ze mayiro 2 n'obutundu 5 obuwanvu obuyitamu, wabula nga yayawukana ku nyanja Edward mita 300 nga ze fuuti 980 ez'ettaka. Ekinya kino kiri mita 100, nga ze fuuti 330 okukirira wansi obuwanvu, ng'ate wagulu w'ennyanja Katwe buliko mita 40 nga ze fuuti 130 okukirira wansi okusinga ku nnyanja Edward. Kyewunyisa nti ensibuko y'omuliro oguva munsozi ey'ekitundu kino mu bukiika kkono bw'abuvanjuba bwa Ruwenzori yali temannyikiddwa okutuusa alipoota eyakolebwa G. F. Scott Elliot mu 1894. Stanley yalambula ennyanja Katwe mu 1889 n'azuula obuwanvu obugiriko ng'akirira wansi, obungi bw'omunyo obuli mu nnyanja n'amazzi agalimu ekisu ekitategerekeka agaliraanyewo, wabula nga yelemererwa okugikata ku muliro ogubeera gufubutuka munsozi.^[5]

Okunoonyereza kulaga kulaga nga Ennyanja Edward bw'erina ebirungo eby'enjawulo omuli calcite ne biogenic silica (BSi) okuviira ddala kunsibuko, ebiwandiiko bya equatorial Africa, biraga enkyuka kyuka y'embeera y'obudde mu myaka 5400 egiyise.^[6]

Okwefanannyiriza ekibangirize kya Bunyaruguru kuluda olulala olw'omuktu gwa Kazinga Channel okuli ennyanja eziri mu binya 30, nga n'ezimu nene n'okusinga Katwe.^[7][8]

Ennyanja Edward esinganibwa mu kuumiro lyebiso erya Virunga mu Congo wamu n'ekumiiro lya Queen Elizabeth eya Uganda wabula nga terina bantu webayinza kubeera nadala ku mbalama zaayo, okugyako ku Ishango mu DRC mu bukiika ddyo, ng'eno yewasinganibwa ekifo ewatendekerwa abalina obuvunaanyizibwa bw'okulabirira ebifo bino ewakuumirwa ebisolo. Ebitundu bibiri ku bisatu eby'amazzi gasinganibwa mu DRC ate ekitundu kimu ku bisatu mu Uganda. Nga ogyeko Ishango, ekifo webasenga mu Congo kiri mu bukiika kkono ekya Vitshumbi, ate mu Uganda webasenga waliwo Mweya ne Katwe mu bukiika ddyo bwa buvanjuba, okulinaana ekinya ekyajula amazzi neefuuka ennyanja ng'era kyaweebwa erinya eryo, nga y'esinga okufulumya omunyo mu Uganda. Ebibuga ebirinaanye wo kuliko Kasese mu Uganda mu bukiika ddyo wamu ne Butembo mu DRC mu bukiika ddyo bwabugwanjuba, nga biri kiromita 50, ze mayiro 31 wamu ne kiromita 150 nga ze mayiro 93 okuviira ddala ku luguudo.^[9]

Ennyanja Edward esinganibwamu ebitonde eby'enjawulo nga eby'ennyanja okuli Bagrus docmak, Oreochromis niloticus, Oreochromis leucostictus, n'ebitonde ebisoba mu 50 ebya Haplochromis n'ebirala ebitonde ebya haplochromine, nga kuno 25 byebyokka ebisobola okunyonyolwa. Okukwaya eby'ennyanja oba okuvuba gwemulimuokusinga okubeera ogw'amaanyi era ogubeera banaansi abaliraanyewo. Ebisolo okubeera nga byebisinganibwa ku mbalama z'ennyanja nga kuno kuliko amazike, enjovu, goonya n'empologoma nga bino bibeera mu kuumiro ly'ebisolo. Ekifo kino era maka g'ebinnyonyi ebiwagalirawo, wamu n'ebirala ebyasengawo.

Mu gya 1970, ennyanja Edward yalina obungi bw'envubu obwali buwera 29,000 mu mazzi gaayo n'okwetoloola ennyanja. Wabula abantu webatandika okutta ebisolo nga tebafunye lukusa mu myaka egizze gitambula, wabaddewo okukendeera kw'obungi bw'ebisolo bino okuli ku bitundu 95 ku 100, obungi bw'abyo okutuuka okukendeera bwekuti kwatuuka nga wasigadde nga 100 kunkomerero ya 2006.^[10] Okubala abantu mu bitundu ebyo kwakolebwa mu 2019, era nekizulibwa nga abatuuze webaali bawera 1500.^[11] Envubu zitibwa nnyo abantu ababeera tebafunye lukusa nga babeera baagala kufuna nnyama yaayo ebeera enene ssaako n'amasanga agasinganibwa mu mannyo gaazo. Olw'okubeera nga ennyama y'envubu zino wamu n'amasanga bibeera byabeeyi, abantu abatta ensolo nga tebafunye lukusa babeera mu kuyiga ensolo zino obutediriza, ekiretawo embeera embi etakoza nvubu bungi bwabisolo bino bwokka, wabula, n'entambula y'ennyanja Edward wamu n'abavubu abagyetolodde ababeerawo olw'ennyanja eno.^[12]

Obungi bw'envubu bwamugaso nnyo eri embeera y'e nnyanja Edward olw'okubeera nga by'ebimu ku bitonde ebisinga okubeera eby'omugaso mu yo. Envubu kuvaamu kazaambi nga ono y'aliisa eby'ennyanja ekika ky'empuuta, nga kino kyali kina kyakyennyanja ekyatuuka nga tekikyalabika labika mu nnyanja Edward. Envubu emu yali esobola okuvaamu kiro za kazaambi eziwera 25 oba 55 buli lunaku, nga ono yali asobola okuliisa enkumi n'enkumi z'empuuta ezisinganibwa mu nnyanja eno.^[13] Nga obungi bw'envubu buknedeera olw'okubeera nga zaali zitibwa abantu abaali tebalina lukusa, emmere gyebyaali biwa eby'ennyanja by'ekika ky'empuuta yatandika okugwaawo nga tekyalabika era n'ebula. Kino kyavirako okukendeera kw'obungi bw'empuuta, nga okukendeera kw'envubu kwali tekukyasobola kulabirira byennyanja ekika ky'empuuta nga bwegwali mu kusooka, nga kino tekyaletawo buzibu munkola ya nnyanja eno, wabula n'abavubu abasinganibwa mu byalo ebyetolodde ennyanja Edward.

Okubeera nga baliraanye nnyo ennyanja Edward, ebyalo ebisinganibwa mu bitundu ebiriraanye wo bisinga kwesigama nnyo ku by'ennyanja nadala empuuta, okusobola okubezaawo famire zaabwe nga emere wamu n'okubitunda okufunamu ssente. Mu biseera ebyayita, Ennyanja Edward yali esobola okuvaamu eby'ennyanja ebyali bikozesebwa ebitundu bya buvanjubwa bwa Democratic Republic of the Congo yonna. Ennyanja yali esobola okuvaamu taani z'empuuta eziri wakati wa 15,000 ne 20,000, buli mwaka, nga kiteberezebwa nti amaato 700 geebabeera nga ku nnyanja eno. Olw'okuba envubu zaali zitandise okukendeera olw'abantu abaali bazita nga tebafunye lukusa, kino kyakosa obungi bw'empuuta mu nnyanja eno, ekyavirako abavubi abali mu byalo ebiriraanyewo okubonabona, wamu n''obugwanjuba bwa Democratic Republic of the Congo. Obutale obusinga bwali tebukyasobola kwekumira by'ennyaja byabwo, nga balina okufuna eby'ennyanja okuva mu bitundu ebirala okusigala mu bizineensi zaabwe.^[13]

Wadde okukendeera kw'obungi bw'envubu siyensonga yokka ekosa empuuta mu Nnyanja Edward. Olw'okubeera nga obungi bw'empuuta bwali butandise okukendeera ebifo eby'ennyanja gyebibiika amaggi ne gyebibeera tebakyakirizaayo muvubi yenna. Wabula ebibinja by'abayeekera wamu n'abanyaguluzi n'abavuba mu bumenyi bw'amateeka bagezaako emikisa gyabwe mu bifo bino, nga kino ky'ongedde okuleeta obuzibu engeri gyebaagala okubeera nga boongeza obungi bw'empuuta n'okuzikuuma mu bitundu bino.^[13] Olw'okuba kino, ebyalo bingi okwetoloola Ennyanja Edward wamu n'enkola y'ennyanja eno bali mu kubonaabona.

Mu Gwomusanvu, 2018, waliwo olutalo lw'amaggye gw'okunyanja wakati w'amawanga abairi okuli erya Uganda ne Democratic Republic of the Congo nga luno lwali ku Nnyanja Edward. Olutalo luno lwatandikawo oluvannyuma lw'amaato g'amaggye abacongo agaali gasindikiddwa okukola okunoonyereza ebyali bigambibwa nti amaggye ga Uganda ag'okunnyanja gaali gaawamba amaato ag'bavubi abaCongo , wamu ne banaansi baayo. Obukuubagano buno bwavirako omuntu omu okufiirwa obulamu, ssaako n'okulumya abalala basatu.^[14][15]

Alipoota ezasooka okukolebwa abakungu okuva mu Congo zaali zigamba nti abantu musanvu beebaali batiddwa, wabula, kino ne gavumenti y'eggwanga teyavaayo ku kiwagira.^[16] Mu Gwomusanvu nga 9, omukungu okuvamu Bukiika ddyo bwa Kivu Muhindo Kyakwa yali agamba abavubi 12 nga ba Congo baali batiddwa ku kanyoolagano kano.^[17]

•  
• Ekitongole ekivinaanyizibwa mu by'emere n'obulimi mu kibiina ky'Amawanga Amagate. Byaterekebwa mu 2008 Ogwokusatu nga 14 ku byuma bya Wayback bikalimagezi
• Ewaterekebwa ebikwata ku Nnyanja munsi yonna

1. ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey (2014-11-15). "Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past". The New York Times (in American English). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
2. ↑ https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html
3. ↑ https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1178257/source-river-nile-shores-lake-edward
4. ↑ ^{4.0 4.1} Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes
5. ↑ http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370
6. ↑ Russell, James M.; Johnson, Thomas C. (July 2005). "A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene". Quaternary Science Reviews. 24 (12–13): 1375–1389. Bibcode:2005QSRv...24.1375R. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003. ISSN 0277-3791.
7. ↑ "The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi | Rubirizi District". rubirizi.go.ug. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
8. ↑ "Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru". Monitor (in Lungereza). 2021-01-05. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
9. ↑ Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie, map scale 1:4 000 000, Paris : Pneu Michelin
10. ↑ Schrank, Delphine (2009-06-01). "As Go the Hippos …". The Atlantic (in Lungereza). Retrieved 2021-11-04.
11. ↑ "Hippopotamus | Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park". Virunga National Park (in American English). Retrieved 2021-11-04.
12. ↑ "Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos". the Guardian (in Lungereza). 2006-12-22. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
13. ↑ ^{13.0 13.1 13.2} "Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes". Global Press Journal (in American English). 2018-04-08. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
14. ↑ "One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border". Reuters. July 6, 2018. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018.
15. ↑ "One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border". africanews.com. July 7, 2018.
16. ↑ "Uganda and DR Congo clash on Lake Edward". Club of Mozambique. BBC. July 6, 2018."Uganda and DR Congo clash on Lake Edward". Club of Mozambique. BBC. July 6, 2018.
17. ↑ "Uganda and Congo forces clash in Lake Edward dispute". Deutsche Welle. July 10, 2018. "The 12 bodies of our compatriots are still floating on Edward Lake," said Muhindo Kyakwa, a senior Congolese official of the province of North Kivu.