Historia ya Ufaransa

Historia ya Ufaransa inahusu eneo ambalo siku hizi linaunda Jamhuri ya Ufaransa.

Ufaransa ulikaliwa na watu tangu muda mrefu sana. Utafiti wa akiolojia umeonyesha vifaa vya mawe vyenye umri wa miaka laki iliyopita.

Watu wa Ufaransa waliingia katika historia andishi kupitia taarifa za waandishi wa Roma ya Kale walioeleza habari za majirani wao Wagallia katika Italia kaskazini na Ufaransa wa leo. Hao Wagallia walikuwa Wakelti na mara kwa mara katika hali ya vita kati yao na Waroma.

Kuanzia mwaka 58 KK Juliasi Caesar aliteka na kutawala Gallia yote kwa niaba ya Jamhuri ya Roma.

Gallia ikaendelea kuwa moja ya majimbo tajiri ya Roma na wakazi wengi walitumia lahaja za Kilatini kilichopata kuwa mama wa Kifaransa cha sasa. Lahaja za Kikelti zilibaki katika maeneo ya kando tu, kwa mfano Bretagne.

Polepole wakazi wengi walipata kuwa Wakristo wa Kanisa Katoliki.

Wakati wa kuporomoka kwa Dola la Roma makabila ya Kigermanik waliingia katika eneo la Ufaransa na kuchukua utawala mikononi mwao.

Kabila la Kigermanik la Wafaranki^[1] lilitawala sehemu kubwa ya Ufaransa pamoja na Ujerumani ya magharibi mnamo mwaka 500.

Mfalme wao Chlodwig (tamka klod-vig) alipokea Ukristo wa Kikatoliki kama dini rasmi ya milki yake.

Mfalme Karolo Mkuu alipanua mipaka ya milki hadi Ujerumani ya kaskazini na Italia na mwaka 800 akapokea cheo cha Kaisari wa Roma kwa mikono ya Papa Leo III.

Baada ya kifo cha Karolo na mwanawe, milki iligawiwa kati ya warithi kwenye mkataba wa Verdun mwaka 843.

Miaka 100 baadaye mtemi wa Paris Hugo Capet alichukua nafasi ya wajukuu wa Karolo na wafuasi wake waliendelea kuimarisha mamlaka ya kifalme.

Ugawaji wa mwaka 843 ulikuwa chanzo cha Ufaransa kama nchi ya pekee. Mwanzoni ilijulikana kama "milki ya Wafaranki wa magharibi" ilhali sehemu za Ujerumani ziliitwa "milki ya Wafaranki wa mashariki". Lakini Wagermanik katika Ufaransa walikuwa wameshaacha lugha yao asilia na kutumia kile Kilatini-Kifaransa cha siku zile.

Wafalme wa sehemu walikuwa dhaifu mwanzoni na mamlaka kubwa ilikuwa mikononi wa makabaila katika majimbo ya ufalme.

Kwa karne kadhaa historia ya Ufaransa ilikuwa na ugumu wa pekee kutokana na mchanganyiko wake na historia ya Uingereza. Mwaka 1066 mtemi William wa Normandi aliyekuwa chini ya mfalme wa Ufaransa alivamia Uingereza na kuwa mfalme huko lakini yeye pamoja na warithi wake waliendelea kuwa watemi wa jimbo la Normandi. Kwa njia hiyo watemi wa Normandi waliingia mara nyingi kwa nguvu katika siasa ya Ufaransa.

Baada ya kifo cha mtawala wa mwisho kutoka ukoo wa Hugo Capet Wanormandi walidai cheo cha mfalme wa Ufaransa na hii ilikuwa chanzo cha vita ya miaka 100. Mwishowe Waingereza walipaswa kuacha karibu mali yote kutoka urithi wa Wanormandi.

Milki ya Ufaransa iliendelea kuwa nchi yenye nguvu katika Ulaya.

Katika vita ya miaka 30 (1618 - 1648) iliweza kujipatia nafasi ya mwamuzi katika siasa ya Ulaya bara.

Wakati huohuo matengenezo ya Kiprotestanti yalikuwa yameshaenea na watemi Waprotestanti walitawala maeneo makubwa ya Ufaransa.

Mfalme Louis XIV wa Ufaransa aliona hali hiyo kama [[hatari] kwa mamlaka yake, akafuta ahadi zote kwa Waprotestanti hadi wakaondoka nchini kwa wingi.

Baada ya Louis XIV, waandamizi wake waliongeza madeni ya serikali kwa vita vingi dhidi ya Uingereza na ujenzi wa majumba makubwa.

Matatizo makali ya kiuchumi pamoja na mawazo mapya ya Zama za Mwangaza yalisababisha mapinduzi ya Kifaransa ya mwaka 1789.

Mamlaka ya mfalme iliondolewa na baada ya kipindi jamhuri kutangaziwa ilhali mfalme alishtakiwa kuwa msaliti na kupewa adhabu ya mauti.

Baada ya mapinduzi, Ufaransa uliingia katika vita na falme nyingine za Ulaya zilizoona mapinduzi ni hatari kwao. Wapinzani walikuwa hasa Uingereza, Austria na pia Prussia. Kwa jumla jeshi la kimapinduzi lilifaulu kutetea eneo la Ufaransa na kuingia katika sehemu za Ujerumani, Uholanzi na Italia.

Katika vita hivyo afisa kijana, kwa jina Napoleon Bonaparte, alipanda vyeo haraka hadi kuingia katika siasa; mwaka 1799 alichukua mamlaka yote kwa kutumia cheo cha "konsuli wa kwanza" na tangu 1804 alijiita "Kaisari wa Wafaransa".

Katika vita vya mfululizo aliteka sehemu kubwa ya nchi za Ulaya au kuzilazimisha kumfuata. Baada ya kushinda Prussia na Austria na kutawala Italia pamoja na Hispania alikuwa mkuu wa Ulaya.

Lakini vita alivyoanzishwa mwaka 1812 dhidi ya Urusi vilikuwa msingi wa kushindwa kwake.

Mwaka 1814 alipaswa kusalimu amri, akapelekwa kwenye kisiwa cha Elba (Italia); aliporudi barani na kujaribu kuwa mkuu wa Ufaransa tena, jeshi lake lilishindwa katika mapigano ya Waterloo mwaka 1815 na Napoleon akawa mfungwa kwenye kisiwa cha St Helena hadi kifo chake.

Baadaye ufalme ulirudishwa kwa msaada wa nchi zilizoshauriana pamoja kwenye mkutano wa Vienna 1815, lakini ulipinduliwa tena.

Katika karne ya 19 Ufaransa ulijitwalia makoloni mengi, hasa Afrika.

Katika vita vikuu vya kwanza, ulivamiwa na Wajerumani, lakini mwisho uliibuka na ushindi na kurudishiwa mikoa ya Alsace na Lorraine iliyotekwa na Ujerumani katika vita vya mwaka 1870.

Baada ya vita vikuu vya pili ambako nchi ilitekwa na Ujerumani kwa kiasi kikubwa, Ufaransa ulipata katiba mpya na kujiunga na NATO (1949) na mwanzo wa Umoja wa Ulaya (tangu 1951). Ilihesabiwa kati ya washindi wa vita na kupata kiti cha kudumu kwenye Baraza la Usalama la UM.

Wakati huohuo utawala wake juu ya makoloni ulianza kuporomoka. Baada ya kushindwa katika Vita vya kwanza vya Indochina mwaka 1954 Ufaransa ulipaswa kukubali uhuru wa Vietnam Kaskazini, Vietnam Kusini, Laos na Kambodia.

Makoloni yake mengi katika Afrika yalipata uhuru bila vita mnamo 1960. Ila Aljeria, iliyowahi kutangazwa kuwa sehemu ya Ufaranya yenyewe, ilipata uhuru wake baada ya vita vikali vya kupigania uhuru vya miaka 1954 - 1962.

Katika kipindi hiki cha vurugu jenerali Charles de Gaulle alichaguliwa kuwa rais chini ya katiba mpya iliyounda mfumo wa rais kama kiongozi wa serikali mwenye mamlaka makubwa.

Vyama mbalimbali vilivyoendelea kutetea itikadi ya de Gaulle hata baada ya kifo chake vinaendelea kuwa mkondo muhimu katika siasa ya Ufaransa na marais walichaguliwa ama kutoka mkondo huo (Jaques Chirac, Nicolas Sarkozy) au kutoka Chama cha Kisoshalisti (Francois Mitterand, Francois Hollande).

Tangu miaka ya 1980 chama kipya cha Front National kilianza kupata kura kikipinga uhusiano wa karibu na Umoja wa Ulaya na wahamiaji Waislamu kutoka nchi za Afrika ya Kaskazini.

Katika uchaguzi wa rais wa mwaka 2017 ilitokea kwa mara ya kwanza ya kwamba wagombea wa vyama vikubwa walishindwa kupata kura nyingi na awamu ya mwisho ya uchaguzi ilikuwa kati ya mgombea wa kujitegemea Emmanuel Macron (aliyepata urais) na Marie Le Pen wa Front National.

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