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1919 Tour de France

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1919 Tour de France
Map of France with 15 cities marked by black dots, connected by red lines. The route formed goes from Paris, counterclockwise along France's borders, back to Paris.
Route of the 1919 Tour de France followed counterclockwise, starting in Paris
Race details
Dates29 June – 27 July 1919
Stages15
Distance5,560 km (3,455 mi)
Winning time231h 07' 15"
Results
Winner  Firmin Lambot (BEL) (Category A)
  Second  Jean Alavoine (FRA) (Category A)
  Third  Eugène Christophe (FRA) (Category A)
← 1914
1920 →

The 1919 Tour de France was the 13th edition, taking place from 29 June to 27 July covering a total distance of 5,560 kilometres (3,450 mi).[1] It was the first Tour de France after World War I, and was won by Firmin Lambot. Following the tenth stage, the yellow jersey, given to the leader of the general classification, was introduced, and first worn by Eugène Christophe.[2]

The fighting in World War I had ravaged the French road system, which made cycling difficult. As a result, the average speed (24.056 km/h) and the number of finishing cyclists (ten) were the lowest in history.[3][4]

Background

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Since the previous Tour de France in 1914, it was impossible to organize the Tour de France due to World War I. Tour organizer Henri Desgrange always wanted to organize a Tour after the war, and within days after the end of the war, the organization of the 1919 Tour de France started.[5]

Innovations and changes

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Three former winners of the Tour, François Faber, Octave Lapize and Lucien Petit-Breton had died fighting in the war. Two other former winners, Philippe Thys and Odile Defraye started the race.[6] The war had been over for only seven months, so most cyclists did not have a chance to train for the Tour.[7] For that reason, there were almost no new younger cyclists, and the older cyclists dominated the race.[8] The organization did not make it easy for the cyclists: with the addition of a stop at Strasbourg (recently recovered in the war), the length was extended to 5560 km: longer than all the previous Tours. Since then only the 1926 Tour de France has been longer.[4]

The bicycle manufacturers also suffered from the war and were unable to sponsor teams of cyclists. They worked together and sponsored more than half of the cyclists under the name "La Sportive",[9] but effectively all the cyclists rode as individuals,[7] wearing grey jerseys.[10] The lack of team colours made riders indistinguishable and lead to the introduction of the leader's jersey. Cyclists were divided in an A-category (professional) and a B-category (amateurs).[6]

In previous years, cyclists had to take care of their own food during the race. In 1919, the tour organisation took care of this.[11]

Participants

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For a more comprehensive list, see List of cyclists in the 1919 Tour de France.

Race overview

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Main articles: 1919 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 8 and 1919 Tour de France, Stage 9 to Stage 15
Black and white image of man bending over his bicycle while several other men are watching.
Eugène Christophe lead the race for most of the 1919 Tour de France, but did not win it due to a broken fork.

The first stage was won by Belgian Jean Rossius. However, he was penalised 30 minutes for illegally helping Philippe Thys (handing him a water bottle),[12] therefore giving Henri Pélissier the lead in the race.[13] It did not help Thys however, because he had to abandon the race in the first stage after a large crash.[7]

In the beginning of the race, Henri and Francis Pélissier were the best. They both finished before the rest in stage two, with Henri crossing the line first. In the third stage, Henri, leading the race, wanted to stop. Organizer Desgrange did all he could to change Pélissier's mind, and finally Pélissier started to race again. He was already 45 minutes behind, and the next three hours he was chasing the rest. He finally caught up, and finished second in the sprint, after his brother Francis.[7] After that victory, Henri Pélissier said that he was a thoroughbred and the rest of the cyclists were work horses, which made the other cyclists angry.[9] During that third stage, Léon Scieur punctured four times, and lost two hours.[14]

In the fourth stage, the rest of the cyclists (only 25 were still in race) took revenge on the Pélissier brothers. When they had to change bicycles, everybody else sped away from them.[7] Henri Pélissier chased the rest, but was then ordered by Desgrange to stop working together with other cyclists in his pursuit. In the end, Henri Pélissier had lost more than 35 minutes, and his brother Francis over three hours. The Pélissier brothers were angry at the organisation and left the race.[9] Jean Alavoine won the stage, and Eugène Christophe became the new leader in the general classification.[6]

Alavoine would also win the fifth stage, the longest ever in history at 482 kilometres (300 mi).[6] Christophe was still in Grenoble at the start of stage eleven, when, at 2am tour organiser Henri Desgrange gave him a yellow jersey, so that he could easily be recognized.[6][15] The colour was inspired by the colour of the organizing newspaper l'Auto,[7][16] although another explanation is that other colours were not available in the post-war shortage.[9] Previously the leader would wear a green armband.[15] Christophe was not happy with his yellow jersey, and other cyclists called him a canary.[9] At that point in the race, it was likely that Christophe would stay the leader until the end of the Tour de France, because he remained in that yellow jersey after the Pyrenees and the Alps. In the penultimate stage, Firmin Lambot, who was in second position, more than 28 minutes behind, attacked. Christophe, still leading the race, chased him, but broke his fork close to Valenciennes.[7] The rules were such that cyclists could get no help at all, so Christophe repaired his bicycle himself. This same thing had already cost him the victory in 1913, and would happen to him for a third time in 1922.[17] It took him over two and a half hours, and he had lost the lead to Lambot. In the last stage, Christophe had a record number of punctures, and also lost his second place to Jean Alavoine.[6] Lambot, aged 33, was at that moment the oldest Tour de France winner in history.[4]

Because the organising newspaper l'Auto felt bad for Christophe, he received the same prize money as the winner Lambot. In addition, a collection raised money, the donors for this prize were reported in 20 pages in the newspaper.[18] Altogether, Christophe received 13310 Francs, much more than the 5000 Francs that Lambot received for his victory.[9]

Results

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In each stage, all cyclists started together. The cyclist who reached the finish first, was the winner of the stage. The time that each cyclist required to finish the stage was recorded. For the general classification, these times were added up; the cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader. From the eleventh stage on, the leader in the general classification was identified by the yellow jersey.

Stage winners

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Stage characteristics and winners[11][19][20][21]
Stage Date Course Distance Type[a] Winner Race leader
1 29 June Paris to Le Havre 388 km (241 mi) Plain stage  Jean Rossius (BEL)  Henri Pélissier (FRA)[b]
2 1 July Le Havre to Cherbourg-en-Cotentin 364 km (226 mi) Plain stage  Henri Pélissier (FRA)  Henri Pélissier (FRA)
3 3 July Cherbourg to Brest 405 km (252 mi) Plain stage  Francis Pélissier (FRA)  Henri Pélissier (FRA)
4 5 July Brest to Les Sables-d'Olonne 412 km (256 mi) Plain stage  Jean Alavoine (FRA)  Eugène Christophe (FRA)
5 7 July Les Sables-d'Olonne to Bayonne 482 km (300 mi) Plain stage  Jean Alavoine (FRA)  Eugène Christophe (FRA)
6 9 July Bayonne to Luchon 326 km (203 mi) Stage with mountain  Honore Barthelemy (FRA)  Eugène Christophe (FRA)
7 11 July Luchon to Perpignan 323 km (201 mi) Stage with mountain  Jean Alavoine (FRA)  Eugène Christophe (FRA)
8 13 July Perpignan to Marseille 370 km (230 mi) Plain stage  Jean Alavoine (FRA)  Eugène Christophe (FRA)
9 15 July Marseille to Nice 338 km (210 mi) Stage with mountain  Honoré Barthélemy (FRA)  Eugène Christophe (FRA)
10 17 July Nice to Grenoble 333 km (207 mi) Stage with mountain  Honoré Barthélemy (FRA)  Eugène Christophe (FRA)
11 19 July Grenoble to Geneva 325 km (202 mi) Stage with mountain  Honoré Barthélemy (FRA)  Eugène Christophe (FRA)
12 21 July Geneva to Strasbourg 371 km (231 mi) Stage with mountain  Luigi Lucotti (ITA)  Eugène Christophe (FRA)
13 23 July Strasbourg to Metz 315 km (196 mi) Plain stage  Luigi Lucotti (ITA)  Eugène Christophe (FRA)
14 25 July Metz to Dunkerque 468 km (291 mi) Plain stage  Firmin Lambot (BEL)  Firmin Lambot (BEL)
15 27 July Dunkerque to Paris 340 km (210 mi) Plain stage  Jean Alavoine (FRA)  Firmin Lambot (BEL)
Total 5,560 km (3,455 mi)[1]

General classification

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Man sitting on bicycle.
Firmin Lambot, the winner of the 1919 Tour

Of the 67 cyclists that started the race, only 11 cyclists finished. On 12 August 1919, Paul Duboc (8th overall), was disqualified for borrowing a car to go and repair his pedal axle, which left only 10 cyclists in the final classification. In total, 43 cyclists started as category A, and 24 cyclists as category B.[11]

Final general classification (1–10)[22]
Rank Rider Category Time
1  Firmin Lambot (BEL) A 231h 07' 15"
2  Jean Alavoine (FRA) A + 1h 42' 54"
3  Eugène Christophe (FRA) A + 2h 26' 31"
4  Léon Scieur (BEL) A + 2h 52' 15"
5  Honoré Barthélemy (FRA) A + 4h 14' 22"
6  Jacques Coomans (BEL) A + 15h 21' 34"
7  Luigi Lucotti (ITA) A + 16h 01' 12"
8  Joseph Van Daele (BEL) A + 18h 23' 02"
9  Alfred Steux (BEL) A + 20h 29' 01"
10  Jules Nempon (FRA) B + 21h 44' 12"

Aftermath

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The yellow jersey that was introduced in this tour, was so successful that it has been used ever since. Thys claimed to have worn the first yellow jersey when leading in 1913: Desgrange had requested him to wear a distinguishable coloured jersey, so his team manager found him a yellow jersey.[15][10] The winner of the race, Lambot, would later also win the 1922 Tour de France, but has become a half-forgotten figure in the Tour's history.[6]

The fight between cyclist Pélissier and tour organiser Desgrange would continue for many years. Pélissier would win the 1923 Tour de France.

Notes

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  1. ^ In 1919, there was no distinction in the rules between plain stages and mountain stages; the icons shown here indicate which stage included mountains.
  2. ^ The winner of stage 1, Rossius, received a 30 minute penalty, so after stage 1 Henri Pélissier, who finished second, was leading the race.

References

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  1. ^ a b Augendre 2016, p. 108.
  2. ^ "The Tour - Year 1919". Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 17 July 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
  3. ^ "Tour de France Statistics". Bike Race Info. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  4. ^ a b c "Le Tour en chiffres - Le palmarès" (PDF) (in French). ASO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  5. ^ Barry Boys. "THE RETURN of a Grand Affair - "New Tour Legend: the Maillot Jaune"". Cycling Revealed. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Tom James (15 August 2003). "1919: Christophe in Yellow - but not in Paris". Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g "1919: Wanhoopspoging levert Firmin Lambot Tourzege op" (in Dutch). Tourdefrance.nl. 19 March 2003. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  8. ^ "Tour de France: Timeline". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  9. ^ a b c d e f McGann & McGann 2006, pp. 51–56.
  10. ^ a b Cossins et al. 2013, pp. 58–59.
  11. ^ a b c "13ème Tour de France 1919" (in French). Mémoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
  12. ^ "1919 Tour de France by BikeRaceInfo". bikeraceinfo.com. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  13. ^ "13ème Tour de France 1919 - 1ème étape" (in French). Mémoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  14. ^ Tom James (15 August 2003). "1921: Scieur continues the Belgian domination". Veloarchive. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  15. ^ a b c Cunningham, Josh (4 July 2016). "History of the Tour de France jerseys". Cyclist. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  16. ^ "Le premier Maillot Jaune - Tour de France 1919" (in French). Mémoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  17. ^ "1919-1929: 'Convicts of the road'". BBC Sport. 5 June 2001. Archived from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  18. ^ Woodland 2007, p. 89.
  19. ^ Augendre 2016, p. 17.
  20. ^ Arian Zwegers. "Tour de France GC top ten". CVCC. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
  21. ^ "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1919 – The stage winners". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  22. ^ "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1919 – Stage 15 Dunkerque > Paris". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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Media related to Tour de France 1919 at Wikimedia Commons

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