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2024 United States presidential election in Texas

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2024 United States presidential election in Texas

← 2020 November 5, 2024 2028 →
 
Nominee Donald Trump Kamala Harris
Party Republican Democratic
Home state Florida California
Running mate JD Vance Tim Walz

Incumbent President

Joe Biden
Democratic



The 2024 United States presidential election in Texas is scheduled to take place on Tuesday, November 5, 2024, as part of the 2024 United States elections in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia will participate. Texas voters will choose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote. The state of Texas has 40 electoral votes in the Electoral College, following reapportionment due to the 2020 United States census in which the state gained two seats.[1]

The second most populous state, Texas is generally considered to be a red state, not having voted Democratic in a presidential election since Southerner Jimmy Carter won it in 1976 and with Republicans holding all statewide offices since 1999. Texas' location in the American South and largely in the greater Bible Belt has given the GOP the upper hand in the state in recent decades.[2][3] Texas is considered by some to be potentially competitive, as the state has not backed a Republican for President by double digits since it favored Mitt Romney in 2012, which can be largely credited to the fast-growing Texas Triangle trending leftwards in some recent elections, namely in the closely-contested 2018 U.S. Senate race and the 2020 U.S. presidential election which both saw the Metroplex county of Tarrant and the Greater Austin counties of Williamson and Hays flip blue for the first time in decades. However, in the 2020 elections, predominately-Latino South Texas shifted significantly rightward, a trend that the rest of the state followed in the 2022 midterms.[4][5]

Incumbent Democratic President Joe Biden initially ran for re-election and became the party's presumptive nominee.[6] However, following what was widely viewed as a poor performance in the June 2024 presidential debate and amid increasing age and health concerns from within his party, he withdrew from the race on July 21 and endorsed Vice President Kamala Harris, who launched her presidential campaign the same day.[7] Biden's withdrawal from the race makes him the first eligible president not to stand for re-election since Texan native Lyndon B. Johnson in 1968. Former Republican President Donald Trump is running for re-election to a second non-consecutive term after his defeat in the 2020 election.[8]

Primary elections

[edit]

Democratic primary

[edit]

The Texas Democratic primary was held on Super Tuesday, March 5, 2024. Incumbent president Joe Biden won the state in a landslide, with minor opposition from various other candidates, particularly in the Lower Rio Grande Valley region. Biden lost Loving County, in which there was only one ballot cast for Frankie Lozada.

Popular vote share by county
  Biden
  •   40–50%
  •   50–60%
  •   60–70%
  •   70–80%
  •   80–90%
  •   >90%
  Lozada
  •   100%
  No votes
Texas Democratic primary, March 5, 2024[9]
Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count
Pledged Unpledged Total
Joe Biden (incumbent) 831,247 84.6% 244 244
Marianne Williamson 43,667 4.5%
Armando Perez-Serrato 27,473 2.8%
Dean Phillips 26,473 2.7%
Gabriel Cornejo 17,196 1.8%
Cenk Uygur 16,100 1.6%
Frankie Lozada 11,311 1.2%
Star Locke 8,602 0.9%
Total: 982,069 100% 272 272

Republican primary

[edit]

The Texas Republican primary was held on Super Tuesday, March 5, 2024. Former president Donald Trump easily won the state and all of its delegates against Nikki Haley, who remained his only major opposition. Trump received the endorsements of U.S. senators John Cornyn and Ted Cruz, as well as Texas governor Greg Abbott, in his primary campaign.

Popular vote share by county
  Trump
  •   50–60%
  •   60–70%
  •   70–80%
  •   80–90%
  •   >90%
  Haley
  •   60–70%
Texas Republican primary, March 5, 2024[10]
Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count
Bound Unbound Total
Donald Trump 1,808,269 77.84% 161 161
Nikki Haley 405,472 17.45%
Uncommitted 45,568 1.96%
Ron DeSantis (withdrawn) 36,302 1.56%
Vivek Ramaswamy (withdrawn) 10,582 0.46%
Chris Christie (withdrawn) 8,938 0.38%
Asa Hutchinson (withdrawn) 2,964 0.13%
Ryan Binkley (withdrawn) 2,585 0.11%
David Stuckenberg 2,339 0.10%
Total: 2,323,019 100.00% 161 161


Robert F. Kennedy Jr. independent bid

[edit]

The Texas Secretary of State's office announced on August 8 that Robert F. Kennedy Jr. would appear on the state ballot.[11] Kennedy later dropped out of the race nationally on August 23.[12][13]

General election

[edit]

Candidates

[edit]

The following presidential candidates have received ballot access in Texas:[14]

In addition, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. was on the ballot under the Texas Independent Party before he suspended his campaign.

Predictions

[edit]
Source Ranking As of
Cook Political Report[15] Likely R August 27, 2024
Inside Elections[16] Likely R August 29, 2024
Sabato's Crystal Ball[17] Likely R August 20, 2024
Decision Desk HQ/The Hill[18] Likely R August 30, 2024
CNN[19] Solid R January 14, 2024
The Economist[20] Likely R June 13, 2024
538[21] Lean R September 13, 2024
RCP[22] Lean R September 1, 2024
CNalysis[23] Likely R September 1, 2024

Polling

[edit]

Donald Trump vs. Kamala Harris Aggregate polls

Source of poll
aggregation
Dates
administered
Dates
updated
Donald
Trump
Republican
Kamala
Harris
Democratic
Undecided
[a]
Margin
RealClearPolitics January 11 – September 5, 2024 September 16, 2024 50.3% 43.0% 6.7% Trump +7.3%
270ToWin August 22 – September 13, 2024 September 16, 2024 50.4% 44.2% 5.4% Trump +6.2%
RacetotheWH through September 19, 2024 September 19, 2024 50.7% 45.1% 4.2% Trump +5.6%
Silver Bulletin through September 19, 2024 September 19, 2024 51.1% 44.9% 4.0% Trump +6.2%
538 through September 19, 2024 September 19, 2024 50.4% 44.2% 5.4% Trump +6.2%
Average 50.7% 44.05% 5.25% Trump +6.65%
Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[b]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump
Republican
Kamala
Harris
Democratic
Other /
Undecided
Morning Consult[24] September 9−18, 2024 2,716 (LV) ± 2.0% 50% 46% 4%
Morning Consult[24] August 30 – September 8, 2024 2,940 (LV) ± 2.0% 52% 43% 5%
Emerson College[25] September 3–5, 2024 845 (LV) ± 3.3% 50% 46% 4%
51%[c] 48% 1%[d]
YouGov[26][A] August 23–31, 2024 1,200 (RV) ± 2.8% 49% 44% 7%[e]
ActiVote[27] August 14–31, 2024 400 (LV) ± 4.9% 54.5% 45.5%
Quantus Polls and News (R)[28] August 29–30, 2024 1,000 (RV) ± 3.1% 49% 42% 9%[f]
52% 44% 4%[g]
August 23, 2024 Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. suspends his presidential campaign and endorses Donald Trump.
Public Policy Polling (D)[29][B] August 21–22, 2024 725 (RV) ± 3.6% 49% 44% 6%
August 19–22, 2024 Democratic National Convention
ActiVote[30] July 31 – August 13, 2024 400 (LV) ± 4.9% 53% 47%
August 6, 2024 Kamala Harris selects Gov. Tim Walz as her running mate.
July 21, 2024 Joe Biden announces his official withdrawal from the race; Kamala Harris declares her candidacy for president.
July 15–19, 2024 Republican National Convention
July 13, 2024 Attempted assassination of Donald Trump
YouGov[31][C] January 11–24, 2024 1,500 (RV) ± 2.5% 52% 39% 9%
Texas Hispanic Policy Foundation[32] May 8–17, 2023 1,000 (RV) ± 2.9% 46% 39% 15%[h]

Donald Trump vs. Kamala Harris vs. Cornel West vs. Jill Stein vs. Chase Oliver

Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[b]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump
Republican
Kamala
Harris
Democratic
Cornel
West
Independent
Jill
Stein
Green
Chase
Oliver
Libertarian
Other /
Undecided
Texas Public Opinion Research/Lake Research Partners (D)[33] August 24–29, 2024 800 (RV) ± 3.5% 51% 43% 2% 2% 2%
YouGov[26][A] August 23–31, 2024 1,200 (RV) ± 2.8% 49% 44% 2% 0% 5%
Hypothetical polling with Robert F. Kennedy Jr.

Donald Trump vs. Kamala Harris vs. Robert F. Kennedy Jr. vs. Cornel West vs. Jill Stein vs. Chase Oliver

Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[b]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump
Republican
Kamala
Harris
Democratic
Robert
Kennedy Jr
Independent
Cornel
West
Independent
Jill
Stein
Green
Chase
Oliver
Libertarian
Other /
Undecided
Public Policy Polling (D)[34][B] August 21–22, 2024 725 (RV) ± 3.6% 45% 42% 6% 1% 0% 6%
University of Houston[35] August 5–16, 2024 1,365 (LV) ± 2.7% 50% 45% 2% 1% 1% 1%
Hypothetical polling with Donald Trump and Joe Biden

Donald Trump vs. Joe Biden

Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[b]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump
Republican
Joe
Biden
Democratic
Other /
Undecided
ActiVote[36] June 25 – July 18, 2024 400 (LV) ± 4.9% 54% 46%
Remington Research Group (R)[37] June 29 – July 1, 2024 589 (LV) ± 4.0% 49% 39% 12%
Manhattan Institute[38] June 25–27, 2024 600 (LV) ± 4.0% 52% 41% 7%
UT Tyler[39] June 11–20, 2024 1,144 (RV) ± 3.7% 46% 40% 14%
931 (LV) ± 3.8% 48% 43% 9%
YouGov[40][A] May 31 – June 9, 2024 1,200 (RV) ± 2.8% 46% 39% 15%[i]
YouGov[41][A] April 12–22, 2024 1,200 (RV) ± 3.3% 48% 40% 12%[j]
John Zogby Strategies[42][k] April 13–21, 2024 743 (LV) 50% 40% 10%
Cygnal (R)[43] April 4–6, 2024 1,000 (RV) ± 2.9% 51% 42% 7%
Marist College[44] March 18–21, 2024 1,117 (RV) ± 3.8% 55% 44% 1%
Mainstreet Research/Florida Atlantic University[45] February 29 – March 3, 2024 489 (RV) 50% 42% 8%
458 (LV) 51% 42% 7%
UT Tyler[46] February 18–26, 2024 1,167 (RV) ± 3.2% 46% 42% 12%
YouGov[47][A] February 2–12, 2024 1,200 (RV) ± 3.4% 48% 41% 11%[l]
YouGov[31][C] January 11–24, 2024 1,145 (LV) ± 2.5% 49% 40% 11%
Emerson College[48][D] January 13–15, 2024 1,315 (RV) ± 2.6% 49% 41% 10%
YouGov[49][A] December 1–10, 2023 1,200 (RV) ± 2.8% 45% 39% 16%
YouGov[50][A] October 5–17, 2023 1,200 (RV) ± 2.8% 45% 37% 18%
Texas Hispanic Policy Foundation[32] May 8–17, 2023 1,000 (RV) ± 2.9% 44% 42% 14%[m]
CWS Research (R)[51][E] April 17–21, 2023 677 (LV) ± 3.8% 45% 42% 13%
Emerson College[52] October 17–19, 2022 1,000 (LV) ± 3.0% 47% 40% 13%
Emerson College[53] September 20–22, 2022 1,000 (LV) ± 3.0% 49% 40% 11%
Echelon Insights[54] August 31 – September 7, 2022 813 (LV) ± 4.4% 48% 43% 9%
Blueprint Polling (D)[55] June 8–10, 2022 603 (LV) ± 4.0% 44% 38% 17%

Donald Trump vs. Joe Biden vs. Robert F. Kennedy Jr. vs. Cornel West vs. Jill Stein

Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[b]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump
Republican
Joe
Biden
Democratic
Robert F.
Kennedy Jr.
Independent
Cornel
West
Independent
Jill
Stein
Green
Other /
Undecided
YouGov[56][F] June 20 – July 1, 2024 1,484 (LV) ± 2.5% 49% 40% 5% 2% 4%[n]
Manhattan Institute[38] June 25–27, 2024 600 (LV) ± 4.0% 45% 36% 7% 1% 0% 11%[o]
UT Tyler[39] June 11–20, 2024 1,144 (RV) ± 3.7% 46% 38% 12% 1% 3%[p]
931 (LV) ± 3.8% 47% 41% 8% 1% 3%[p]
YouGov[40][A] May 31 – June 9, 2024 1,200 (RV) ± 2.8% 43% 34% 8% 2% 2% 11%
YouGov[41][A] April 12–22, 2024 1,200 (RV) ± 3.3% 45% 36% 8% 2% 2% 7%
Texas Lyceum[57] April 12–21, 2024 926 (RV) ± 3.2% 41% 31% 11% 1% 1% 15%[q]
Cygnal (R)[43] April 4–6, 2024 1,000 (RV) ± 2.9% 46% 37% 8% 1% 2% 6%
UT Tyler[46] February 18–26, 2024 1,167 (RV) ± 3.2% 41% 37% 13% 6% 3%
YouGov[47][A] February 2–12, 2024 1,200 (RV) ± 3.4% 45% 36% 6% 3% 2% 8%
Redfield & Wilton Strategies[58] February 1–3, 2024 605 (LV) ± 4.0% 44% 35% 6% 1% 1% 13%
Emerson College[48][D] January 13–15, 2024 1,315 (RV) ± 2.6% 46% 36% 5% 1% 1% 11%
YouGov[49][A] December 1–10, 2023 1,200 (RV) ± 2.8% 42% 34% 8% 3% 2% 12%

Donald Trump vs. Joe Biden vs. Robert F. Kennedy Jr.

Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[b]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump
Republican
Joe
Biden
Democratic
Robert F.
Kennedy Jr.
Independent
Other /
Undecided
Texas Hispanic Policy Foundation[59] April 5–10, 2024 1,600 (LV) ± 2.45% 46% 34% 9% 11%[r]
Marist College[44] March 18–21, 2024 1,117 (RV) ± 3.8% 48% 36% 15% 1%

Donald Trump vs. Joe Biden vs. Jill Stein

Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[b]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump
Republican
Joe
Biden
Democratic
Jill
Stein
Green
Other /
Undecided
Texas Hispanic Policy Foundation[59] April 5–10, 2024 1,600 (LV) ± 2.45% 48% 36% 3% 13%[s]
YouGov[31][C] January 11–24, 2024 1,500 (RV) ± 2.5% 49% 40% 3% 8%[t]

Donald Trump vs. Joe Biden vs. Robert F. Kennedy Jr. vs. Joe Manchin vs. Cornel West

Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[b]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump
Republican
Joe
Biden
Democratic
Robert F.
Kennedy Jr.
Independent
Joe
Manchin
No Labels
Cornel
West
Independent
Other /
Undecided
National Public Affairs[60] February 6–8, 2024 807 (LV) ± 3.5% 42% 35% 6% 4% 3% 9%
Hypothetical polling with other candidates

Donald Trump vs. Robert F. Kennedy Jr.

Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[b]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump
Republican
Robert
Kennedy Jr.
Independent
Other /
Undecided
John Zogby Strategies[42][k] April 13–21, 2024 743 (LV) 45% 40% 15%

Robert F. Kennedy Jr. vs. Joe Biden

Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[b]
Margin
of error
Robert
Kennedy Jr.
Independent
Joe
Biden
Democratic
Other /
Undecided
John Zogby Strategies[42][k] April 13–21, 2024 743 (LV) 53% 35% 12%

Nikki Haley vs. Joe Biden

Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[b]
Margin
of error
Nikki
Haley
Republican
Joe
Biden
Democratic
Other /
Undecided
UT Tyler[46] February 18–26, 2024 1,167 (RV) ± 3.2% 42% 36% 22%
YouGov[47][A] February 2–12, 2024 1,200 (RV) ± 3.4% 31% 40% 29%[u]
YouGov[31][C] January 11–24, 2024 1,500 (RV) ± 2.5% 43% 39% 18%
YouGov[49][A] December 1–10, 2023 1,200 (RV) ± 2.8% 33% 36% 31%
YouGov[50][A] October 5–17, 2023 1,200 (RV) ± 2.8% 32% 34% 34%

Nikki Haley vs. Joe Biden vs. Robert F. Kennedy Jr. vs. Cornel West vs. Jill Stein

Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[b]
Margin
of error
Nikki
Haley
Republican
Joe
Biden
Democratic
Robert F.
Kennedy Jr.
Independent
Cornel
West
Independent
Jill
Stein
Green
Other /
Undecided
UT Tyler[46] February 18–26, 2024 1,167 (RV) ± 3.2% 33% 36% 20% 7% 3% 1%
Redfield & Wilton Strategies[58] February 1–3, 2024 605 (LV) ± 4.0% 30% 32% 14% 0% 0% 24%

Ron DeSantis vs. Joe Biden

Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[b]
Margin
of error
Ron
DeSantis
Republican
Joe
Biden
Democratic
Other /
Undecided
YouGov[49][A] December 1–10, 2023 1,200 (RV) ± 2.8% 39% 37% 24%
YouGov[50][A] October 5–17, 2023 1,200 (RV) ± 2.8% 39% 38% 24%
Texas Hispanic Policy Foundation[32] May 8–17, 2023 1,000 (RV) ± 2.9% 44% 42% 14%[v]
CWS Research (R)[51] April 17–21, 2023 677 (LV) ± 3.8% 44% 40% 16%
Echelon Insights[54] August 31 – September 7, 2022 813 (LV) ± 4.4% 44% 41% 15%

Ron DeSantis vs. Kamala Harris

Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[b]
Margin
of error
Ron
DeSantis
Republican
Kamala
Harris
Democratic
Other /
Undecided
Texas Hispanic Policy Foundation[32] May 8–17, 2023 1,000 (RV) ± 2.9% 45% 40% 15%[w]

Vivek Ramaswamy vs. Joe Biden

Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[b]
Margin
of error
Vivek
Ramaswamy
Republican
Joe
Biden
Democratic
Other /
Undecided
YouGov[49][A] December 1–10, 2023 1,200 (RV) ± 2.8% 34% 37% 30%
YouGov[50][A] October 5–17, 2023 1,200 (RV) ± 2.8% 33% 36% 32%

Mike Pence vs. Joe Biden

Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[b]
Margin
of error
Mike
Pence
Republican
Joe
Biden
Democratic
Other /
Undecided
YouGov[50][A] October 5–17, 2023 1,200 (RV) ± 2.8% 29% 36% 36%

Tim Scott vs. Joe Biden

Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[b]
Margin
of error
Tim
Scott
Republican
Joe
Biden
Democratic
Other /
Undecided
YouGov[50][A] October 5–17, 2023 1,200 (RV) ± 2.8% 33% 34% 33%


See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Calculated by taking the difference of 100% and all other candidates combined.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Key:
    A – all adults
    RV – registered voters
    LV – likely voters
    V – unclear
  3. ^ With voters who lean towards a given candidate
  4. ^ "Someone else"
  5. ^ "Someone else" with 3%
  6. ^ "Other candidate" with 3%
  7. ^ "Would not vote" with 4%
  8. ^ "Don't know" with 9%; "Libertarian candidate" with 4%"; "Green Party candidate" with 2%"
  9. ^ "Someone else" with 9%
  10. ^ "Someone else" with 6%
  11. ^ a b c Poll conducted for Kennedy's campaign
  12. ^ "Someone else" with 7%
  13. ^ "Don't know" with 8%; "Libertarian candidate" with 4%"; "Green Party candidate" with 2%"
  14. ^ Chase Oliver (L) with 0%
  15. ^ "Someone else" with 2%; Chase Oliver (L) with 1%
  16. ^ a b Chase Oliver (L) with 3%
  17. ^ "Someone else" with 5%
  18. ^ Jill Stein (G) with 2%; Chase Oliver (L) with 1%
  19. ^ Undecided with 10%; Chase Oliver (L) with 3%
  20. ^ Libertarian candidate with 1%
  21. ^ "Someone else" with 21%
  22. ^ "Don't know" with 9%; "Libertarian candidate" with 3%"; "Green Party candidate" with 2%"
  23. ^ "Don't know" with 10%; "Libertarian candidate" with 3%"; "Green Party candidate" with 2%"
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Poll sponsored by the Texas Politics Project at the University of Texas
  2. ^ a b Poll commissioned by Clean and Prosperous America PAC
  3. ^ a b c d Poll sponsored by the Hobby School of Public Affairs at the University of Houston
  4. ^ a b Poll sponsored by Nexstar Media Group
  5. ^ Poll sponsored by Defend Texas Liberty PAC
  6. ^ Poll sponsored by the University of Houston and Texas Southern University

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Wang, Hansi; Jin, Connie; Levitt, Zach (April 26, 2021). "Here's How The 1st 2020 Census Results Changed Electoral College, House Seats". NPR. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
  2. ^ Barabak, Mark Z. (December 7, 2023). "Column: In two decades, much of the West has turned blue. Why hasn't Texas?". Los Angeles Times.
  3. ^ Herrera, Jack (December 4, 2023). "Why do California, Texas differ so much? Religion, priorities of white minority play huge roles, poll shows". Los Angeles Times.
  4. ^ "House Generic Ballot Estimates, 2008-2022". Split Ticket. April 7, 2023.
  5. ^ "Republican victories show Texas is still far from turning blue". The Texas Tribune. November 9, 2022. As large as the cities are and how Democratic that they are, Texas Democrats still don't have a way to get past that red wall of rural West Texas, [Drew Landry] said. Rural Texas still rules the day. I was seeing some very, very close numbers before a lot of the rural counties reported [election returns], and once they did, it just blew the door open for Abbott.
  6. ^ Kinery, Emma (April 25, 2023). "Biden launches 2024 reelection campaign, promising to fulfill economic policy vision". CNBC. Archived from the original on April 25, 2023. Retrieved April 25, 2023.
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  12. ^ "RFK Jr. endorses Trump after weeks of back-channel courtship". NBC News. August 23, 2024. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
  13. ^ Dovere, Aaron Pellish, Edward-Isaac (August 23, 2024). "RFK Jr. suspends presidential campaign | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved August 25, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  24. ^ a b Easley, Cameron; Yokley, Eli (September 9, 2024). "Tracking the 2024 Election: State by State". Morning Consult.
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  26. ^ a b "University of Texas / Texas Politics Project Poll - Texas Statewide Survey" (PDF). University of Texas. September 6, 2024.
  27. ^ Allis, Victor (August 31, 2024). "Trump extends lead in Texas". ActiVote. Retrieved August 31, 2024.
  28. ^ "Trump and Cruz Lead Comfortably in Texas". Substack. August 30, 2024.
  29. ^ "New Surveys Show Texas and Florida Have Competitive Senate Elections" (PDF). Clean and Prosperous America. August 27, 2024.
  30. ^ Allis, Victor (August 13, 2024). "Trump Leads Harris in Texas". ActiVote. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
  31. ^ a b c d "Texas Primary Election 2024 Presidential Candidates" (PDF). University of Houston. January 30, 2024.
  32. ^ a b c d "The TxHPF TEGNA 2023 Texas Legislative Session Issues Report" (PDF). Texas Hispanic Policy Foundation. May 17, 2023.
  33. ^ Warford, Luke (September 13, 2024). "Introducing Texas Public Opinion Research (TPOR)!". Substack.
  34. ^ "New Surveys Show Texas and Florida Have Competitive Senate Elections" (PDF). Clean and Prosperous America. August 27, 2024.
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