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The following tables list the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols used for Jin Chinese (晉語), one of the Sinitic languages. All vocabulary are based on Jin Chinese in Wubu, Shaanxi Province.[1][2]

Initial consonants[i]
IPA Pinyin Examples[ii]
ɕ x [sã˥˧ ɕjəʔ˧] 散學
f[iii] f [tʰu˦˩˨ ɲjɑo̯˧ fã˨˩˧ ʂəŋ˨˩˧] 土牛翻身
k g [swɛe̯˦˩˨ kwɤ˥˧ tsəʔ˨˩] 水貫子
kʰ k [kʰwɤ˨˩˧ tʰo˧] '寬透
l l [təŋ lɑo̯r] 燈簍兒
m m [məŋ˥˧ məŋ˥˧] 夢夢
n n [kəʔ˦ nɑe̯˦˩˨] 隔奶
ɲ[iv] nz [ɲje˧ sɹ̩˨˩] 年時
ŋ ng [tswɤu̯˥˧ ŋor˨˩] 裝襖兒
s s [sã˨˦ sɛe̯˨˩˧] 山西
ʂ sh [ʂje˦˩˨ sɛe̯˨˩˧] 陝西
p b [pəŋ˨˩˧ lɑo̯˧] 奔顱
pʰ p [pʰo˦˩˨ tu˥˧ tsəʔ˨˩] 跑肚子
t d [twəʔ˧ tã˥˧] 㞘蛋
tʰ t [tʰwɑe̯˨˩˧ no˧] 推腦
tɕ j [so˦˩˨ tɕjəʔ˧ tɛe̯˥˧] 掃腳底
tɕʰ q [tɕʰje˧ ʂɤu̯r˨˩˧] 前晌兒
ts z [xwɑe̯˧ tsəʔ˨˩ pɑe̯˨˩˧] 茴子白
tsʰ c [pɛe̯˥˧ tsʰɑ˨˩˧ ljəʔ˨˩] 病瘥了
tʂ zh [lwəŋ˧ tʂã˥˧] 攏帳
tʂʰ ch [tʂʰɑo̯˥˧ kwəʔ˧ tsəʔ˨˩] 臭骨子
x h [xxəʔ˨˩ tɕjã˨˩˧ fã˥˧] 黑間飯
ʐ[v] r [njã˦˩˨ ʦɛe̯˨˩˧ ʐər˥˧] 眼睛仁兒
Final consonants
IPA Pinyin Examples[ii]
FC Rhyme
-ŋ əŋ eng [səŋ˧ u˧ tʂʰɤu̯˨˩] 尋無常
jəŋ[vi] ieng [ɕjəŋ˥˧ xu˨˩] 杏虎
wəŋ[vii] ueng [kwəŋ˨˦ swɛe̯˨˩] 滾水
ɥəŋ[viii] yeng [tɕjəʔ˦ kəʔ˨˩˧ tɕɥəŋ˨˩˧] 腳圪踪
-r / r [sã˨˩ mɤr˥˧] 山蔓兒
-ʔ ɑʔ aq [tʰɑʔ˨˩˧ i˨˩˧ ʂɤu̯˧ təʔ˨˩] 踏衣裳的
əʔ eeq [jã˧ i˨˦ tsəʔ˨˩] 洋胰子
jaʔ[vi] iaq [tɕjo˨˦ tsɹ̩˦˩˨ tɕjɑʔ˧] 鉸指甲
jəʔ[vi] ieeq [sã˨˩˧ tjəʔ˦ swər˨˩] 三滴水兒
wɑʔ[vii] uaq [swɑʔ˧ jəʔ˧ tɑʔ˧] 刷一搭
weʔ[vii] ueq [ɕɥe˨˩˧ swəʔ˧] 喧說
ɥɑʔ[viii] yaq [sã˨˩ tɕɥɑʔ˦ pɑr˦˩˨] 三角板兒
ɥəʔ[viii] yeeq [ɥəʔ˨˩˧ tɕjəŋ˥˧] 月盡
Vowels
IPA Pinyin Examples[ii]
ɑ a [tɑ˨˦ po˦˩˨ sɛe̯˨˩˧] 打飽聲
ɑe̯ ae [tsɑʔ˧ xɑe̯˥˧] 作害
ɑo̯ ao [tʰɑo̯˥˧] 透
ã an [nã˦˩˨ tsã˥˧ tɕjəŋ˨˩˧] 囔藏經
ɛe̯ e [tsʰɛe̯˨˩˧ xɤu̯˥˧] 青貨
ə ee [kəʔ tu] 圪都
i i [mi˦˩˨ tʰɤu̯˨˩˧] 米湯
jɑ[vi] ia [xɤu̯˨˩ ȵjɑ˧] 呵牙
jã[vi] ian [xɑ˥˧ njã˨˩ kʰəʔ˦ tsəʔ˨˩] 下牙殼子
jɑe̯[vi] iae [tsʰuɤ˥˧ tɕjɑe̯˨˩˧] 串街
jɑo̯[vi] iao [ljɑo̯˧ kɑo̯˨˦ tsəʔ˨˩] 溜溝子
je[vi] ie [ɕje˨˦ swɛe̯˨˩] 頷水
jo[vi] io [sã˥˧ tɕjo˨˩˧] 散交
jɤ[vi] ioe [ljɤ˧ kʰər˨˩] 撩羹兒
jɤu̯[vi] ioeu [tɕjəʔ˧ ljɤu̯˧ mje˥˧] 腳梁面
o o [xəʔ˧ lo˦˩˨ fəŋ˨˩˧] 黑老風
ɹ̩[ix] ii [swa˦˩˨ sɹ̩˨˦ tsəʔ˨˩] 耍獅子
u u [jɤ˨˩˧ pu˥˧] 腰布
wɑ[vii] ua [swɑ˦˩˨ mɤ˧ swəʔ˧] 耍魔術
wã[vii] uan [ʂwã˨˩ tʂɛe̯˥˧] 拴正
wɑe̯[vii] uae [wɑe̯˥˧ xɑo̯r˨˩] 外後兒
wɛe̯[vii] ue [səʔ˧ wɛe̯˥˧] 失未
wɤ[vii] uoe [pəʔ˧ nje˧ tsʰwɤ˨˩] 不言喘
wɤu̯[vii] uoeu [lɑʔ˨˩˧ swɤu̯˨˩˧] 落霜
ɤ oe [jəʔ˧ pʰɤ˧ ʂɑ˧] 一盤蛇
ɤu̯ oeu [tã˧ pɤu̯˥˧] 糖棒
y[x] y [tsʰwəʔ˦ ny˦˩˨] 出女
ɥɑ[viii] ya [tɕʰɥɑ˧ tsəʔ˨˩] 瘸子
ɥe[viii] ye [nɑe̯˧ tɕɥe˦˩˨] 挨啳
Tones
IPA Numeric
contours 		Tonal
categories
(sequence) 		Examples[ii]
Stand-alone tones
˨˩˧[xi] ◌213[xi] 陰平 (◌1) [zo˨˩˧ ɲjo˦˩˨ ɲjo˨˩˧] 搔咬咬
˧ ◌33 陽平 (◌2) [lo˦˩˨ i˧ xɤu̯˧] 老爺河
˦˩˨ ◌412 上 (◌3) [lo˦˩˨ pʰɤ˧ tsʰwɛe̯˦˩˨] 老婆嘴
˥˧ ◌53 去 (◌4) [ʂəŋ˥˧ xwər˥˧] 甚會兒
ʔ˧ ◌ʔ3 陰入 (◌5) [xɑo̯˧ tʂɑʔ˧ tʰɑo̯r˥˧] 猴指頭兒
ʔ˨˩˧ ◌ʔ213 陽入 (◌6) [sɑʔ˦ pɑʔ˨˩˧ ʂɑo̯˨˩˧] 殺剝手
Supplementary tonal changes
˨˩[xii] ◌21[xii] 輕 (◌0) [lɛe̯˨˦ wə˨˩] 裏物
˨˦ ◌24 陰平 (◌1)
or上 (◌3) 		[tsʰu˨˦ tɕjã˨˩] 初間
ʔ˦ ◌ʔ4 陰入 (◌5)
or 陽入 (◌6) 		[sɑʔ˦ pɑʔ˨˩˧ ʂɑo̯˨˩˧] 殺剝手

Notes

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  1. ^ Zero onsets may be pronounced as [v] in some localities of Jin Chinese.
  2. ^ a b c d Glosses are displayed over the dotted line. (Instructions: for desktop computers, hover your mouse cursor over it; for iOS mobile browsers, request desktop website on your toolbar and then click on the dotted line; for Android mobile browsers, it is unavailable). Vocabulary are drawn from 吴堡方言调查研究 (2014)[2] and 陕西方言集成:榆林卷 (2020).[1]
  3. ^ [f] may be pronounced as [xu-] in some localities of Jin Chinese.
  4. ^ In sinological phonetic notation, [ ɲ ] is marked as ⟨ȵ⟩.
  5. ^ [ ʐ ] may be pronounced as [z] in some localities of Jin Chinese.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The non-syllabic gliding [j] may be less explicitly transcribed with the syllabic [i], as in [iɑ, iã, iaʔ, iɑe̯, iɑo̯, ie, iə, iəʔ, io, iɤ, iɤu̯].
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i The non-syllabic gliding [w] may be less explicitly transcribed with the syllabic [u], as in [uã, uɑ, uɑʔ,uɑe̯, ueʔ, uɛe̯, uəŋ, uɤ, uɤu̯].
  8. ^ a b c d e The non-syllabic gliding [ɥ] may be less explicitly transcribed with the syllabic [y], as in [yɑ, yɑʔ, ye, yə, ɥəŋ, yəʔ].
  9. ^ In sinological phonetic notation, [ɹ̩] is marked as ⟨ɿ⟩.
  10. ^ [y] may be pronounced as [ʉ] in some localities of Jin Chinese.
  11. ^ a b Unter certain scenarios, ˨˩˧ (213) is abbreviated to ˨˩ (21) in the beginning of a word. This is not to be confused with the unstressed tone ˨˩ (21) at the end of a word. An unstressed tone takes half the time to pronounce.
  12. ^ a b ˨˩ (21) is an unstressed tone (neutral tone). Its contour is mistakenly marked as "0" (no contour) in older literature. Under certain scenarios, any tone at the end of a word could turn into an unstressed tone. This is not to be confused with the tone category 陰平 ˨˩˧ (213), which under certain scenarios is abbreviated to ˨˩ (21) in the beginning of a word. An unstressed tone takes half the time to pronounce.[2]

References

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  1. ^ a b 贺雪梅 (2020). "吴堡县篇". In 王建领 (ed.). 陕西方言集成:榆林卷. 商务印书馆. pp. 692–726.
  2. ^ a b c 邢向东; 王兆富 (2014). 吴堡方言调查研究. 中华书局. pp. 61–291.

See also

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