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List of endangered languages in Europe

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Language Endangerment Status
Extinct (EX)
Endangered
Safe
  • no list
Other categories
Related topics
UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger category
UNESCO Atlas of the World's
Languages in Danger categories

An endangered language is a language that is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers. If it loses all of its native speakers, it becomes an extinct language. A language may be endangered in one area but show signs of revitalisation in another, as with the Irish language.[citation needed]

Levels of language endangerment

[edit]

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization defines four levels of language endangerment between "safe" (not endangered) and "extinct":[1]

  • Vulnerable - "most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home)"
  • Definitely endangered - "children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home"
  • Severely endangered - "language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves"
  • Critically endangered - "the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently"
  • Extinct - "there are no speakers left; included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s"

The list below includes the findings from the third edition of Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010; formerly the Red Book of Endangered Languages), as well as the online edition of that publication, both published by UNESCO.[2]

List of languages

[edit]

Albania • Armenia • Azerbaijan • Belarus • Belgium • Bosnia and Herzegovina • Bulgaria • Croatia • Cyprus • Czech Republic • Denmark • Estonia • Finland • France • Georgia • Germany • Greece • Hungary • Ireland • Italy • Kazakhstan • Latvia • Liechtenstein • Lithuania • Luxembourg • Moldova • Monaco • Montenegro • Netherlands • North Macedonia • Norway • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Russia • San Marino • Serbia • Slovakia • Slovenia • Spain • Sweden • Switzerland • Turkey • Ukraine • United Kingdom

Language Status Speakers Notes ISO 639-3
Albania
Main article: Languages of Albania
Aromanian Definitely endangered[1] 210,000[3] Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Serbia, Kosovo rup
Judezmo Severely endangered[1] 60,000[4] Also spoken in: Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey lad
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Torlakian Vulnerable[1] 1,500,000[6] Also spoken in: Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia hbs
Armenia
Main article: Languages of Armenia
Pontic Greek Definitely endangered[1] 778,000[7] Also spoken in: Georgia, Greece, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine pnt
Suret Definitely endangered[1] 650,000–1,000,000[8] Also spoken in: Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey aii, cld
Austria
Main article: Languages of Austria
Alemannic Vulnerable[9] 7,162,000[10] Also spoken in: France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland gsw, swg, wae
Bavarian Vulnerable[1] 14,089,000[11] Also spoken in: Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland bar
Burgenland Croatian Definitely endangered[1] 50,000–60,000[12] Also spoken in: Hungary, Slovakia
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Czech Republic, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom ydd
Azerbaijan
Main article: Languages of Azerbaijan
Budukh Severely endangered[1] 200[14]   bdk
Juhuri Definitely endangered[1] 101,000[15] Caucasus. Also spoken in: Russia jdt
Khinalug Severely endangered[1] 3,000[16]   kjj
Kryz Severely endangered[1] 5,000[17]   kry
Lezgian Vulnerable[1] 800,000[18] Also spoken in: Russia lez
Rutul Definitely endangered[1] 36,400[19] Also spoken in: Russia rut
Talysh Vulnerable[1] 912,000[20] Also spoken in: Iran tly
Tat Severely endangered[1] 28,000[21]   ttt
Tsakhur Definitely endangered[1] 22,300[22] Also spoken in: Russia tkr
Udi Severely endangered[1] 6,160[23] (Azerbaijan)   udi
Belarus
Main article: Languages of Belarus
Belarusian Vulnerable[1] 5,058,400[24] Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine bel
Polesian Vulnerable[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Poland, Ukraine  
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom ydd
Belgium
Main article: Languages of Belgium
Champenois Severely endangered[1] Unknown Also spoken in: France fra
Limburgian-Ripuarian Vulnerable[1] 1,300,000[25] Also spoken in: Germany, Netherlands ksh, lim
Lorrain Severely endangered[1] Unknown Also spoken in: France fra
Moselle Franconian Vulnerable[1] Unknown Also spoken in: France, Germany, Luxembourg ltz
Picard Severely endangered[1] 700,000[26] Also spoken in: France pcd
Walloon Definitely endangered[1] 600,000[27] Also spoken in: France, Luxembourg wln
West Flemish Vulnerable[1] 1,400,000[28] Also spoken in: France, Netherlands vls, zea
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Main article: Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Judezmo Severely endangered[1] 60,000[4] Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey lad
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Bulgaria
Main article: Languages of Bulgaria
Aromanian Definitely endangered[1] 210,000[3] Also spoken in: Albania, Greece, North Macedonia, Serbia rup
Crimean Tatar Severely endangered[1] 580,000[29] (Dobruja). Also spoken in: Romania, Russia, Ukraine crh, jct
Deli Orman Gagauz Critically endangered[1] 148,720[30] (Deli Orman)   bgx, gag
Judezmo Severely endangered[1] 60,000[4] Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey lad
Maritime Gagauz Severely endangered[1] 148,720[30] (Maritime). Also spoken in: Romania bgx, gag
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Torlakian Vulnerable[1] 1,500,000[6] Also spoken in: Albania, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia hbs
Croatia
Main article: Languages of Croatia
Arbanasi Severely endangered[1] Unknown    
Istriot Severely endangered[1] 1,300[31]   ist
Istro-Romanian Severely endangered[1] 1,400[32]   ruo
Judezmo Severely endangered[1] 60,000[4] Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey lad
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Venetian Vulnerable[1] 3,900,000[33] Also spoken in: Italy, Slovenia vec
Vojvodina Rusyn Definitely endangered[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Serbia  
Cyprus
Main article: Languages of Cyprus
Cypriot Arabic Severely endangered[1] 9,800[34]   acy
Czech Republic
Main article: Languages of Czech Republic
Bavarian Vulnerable[1] 14,089,000[11] Also spoken in: Austria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland bar
East Franconian Vulnerable[1] 4,900,000[35] Also spoken in: Germany vmf
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom ydd
Denmark
Main articles: Languages of Denmark and Languages of the Faroe Islands
Faroese Vulnerable[1] 72,000[36]   fao
Low Saxon Vulnerable[1] 2,200,000[37] Also spoken in: Germany, Netherlands, Russia act, drt, frs, gos, nds, sdz, stl, twd, vel, wep
Scanian Vulnerable[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Sweden swe
South Jutlandic Definitely endangered[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Germany jut
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom ydd
Estonia
Main article: Languages of Estonia
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Võro-Seto Definitely endangered[1] 133,680[38] Also spoken in: Russia est
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom ydd
Finland
Main article: Languages of Finland
Inari Sámi Severely endangered[1] 400[39] smn
Karelian Definitely endangered[1] 19,753[40][41] Also spoken in: Russia krl
North Saami Definitely endangered[1] 25,000[42] Also spoken in: Norway, Russia, Sweden sme
Olonetsian Definitely endangered[1] 14,100–25,000[43] Also spoken in: Russia olo
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Skolt Saami Severely endangered[1] 350[44] Also spoken in: Norway, Russia sms
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom ydd
France
Main article: Languages of France
Alemannic Vulnerable[9] 7,162,000[10] Also spoken in: Austria, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland gsw, swg, wae
Alpine Provençal Definitely endangered[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Italy oci
Auvergnat Severely endangered[1] 80,000[45]   oci
Basque Vulnerable[1] 751,000[46] Also spoken in: Spain eus
Breton Severely endangered[1] 207,000[47]   bre
Burgundian Severely endangered[1] 50,000[48]   fra
Champenois Severely endangered[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Belgium fra
Corsican Definitely endangered[1] 150,000[49] Also spoken in: Italy cos
Frainc-Comtou Severely endangered[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Switzerland fra
Franco-Provençal Definitely endangered[1] 157,000[50] Also spoken in: Italy, Switzerland frp
Gallo Severely endangered[1] 191,000[51]   fra
Gascon Definitely endangered[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Spain oci
Languedocien Severely endangered[1] 5,000[45]   oci
Ligurian Definitely endangered[1] 600,000[52] Also spoken in: Italy, Monaco lij
Limousin Severely endangered[1] 10,000[45]   oci
Lorrain Severely endangered[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Belgium fra
Moselle Franconian Vulnerable[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg ltz
Norman Severely endangered[1] 20,000[53]   nrn
Picard Severely endangered[1] 700,000[26] Also spoken in: Belgium pcd
Poitevin-Saintongeais Severely endangered[1] 200,000–300,000[54]   fra
Provençal Severely endangered[1] 350,000[45]   oci
Rhenish Franconian Vulnerable[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Germany pfl
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Walloon Definitely endangered[1] 600,000[27] Also spoken in: Belgium, Luxembourg wln
West Flemish Vulnerable[1] 1,400,000[28] Also spoken in: Belgium, Netherlands vls, zea
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom ydd
Georgia
Main article: Languages of Georgia
Abkhaz Vulnerable[1] 190,000[55] Also spoken in: Russia, Turkey abk
Bats Severely endangered[1] 500[56]   bbl
Bohtan Neo-Aramaic Severely endangered[1] <500[57] Also spoken in: Russia bhn
Homshetsma Severely endangered[1] Unknown (Caucasus). Also spoken in: Russia hye
Laz Definitely endangered[1] 22,000[58] Also spoken in: Turkey lzz
Mingrelian Definitely endangered[1] 344,000[59]   xmf
Ossete Vulnerable[1] 597,450[60] Also spoken in: Russia oss
Pontic Greek Definitely endangered[1] 778,000[7] Also spoken in: Armenia, Greece, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine pnt
Svan Definitely endangered[1] 14,000[61]   sva
Udi Severely endangered[1] 6,160[23] (Georgia) .   udi
Urum Definitely endangered[1] 190,000[62] Also spoken in: Russia, Ukraine uum
Germany
Main article: Languages of Germany
Alemannic Vulnerable[9] 7,162,000[10] Also spoken in: Austria, France, Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland gsw, swg, wae
Bavarian Vulnerable[1] 14,089,000[11] Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland bar
East Franconian Vulnerable[1] 4,900,000[35] Also spoken in: Czech Republic vmf
Ripuarian Vulnerable[1] 250,000[63] Also spoken in: Belgium, Netherlands ksh
Low Saxon Vulnerable[1] 2,200,000[37] Also spoken in: Denmark, Netherlands, Russia act, drt, frs, gos, nds, sdz, stl, twd, vel, wep
Moselle Franconian Vulnerable[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Belgium, France, Luxembourg ltz
North Frisian Severely endangered[1] 10,000[64]   frr
Rhenish Franconian Vulnerable[1] Unknown Also spoken in: France pfl
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Saterland Frisian Severely endangered[1] 2,000[65]   stq
Sorbian Definitely endangered[1] 19,900[66]   dsb, hsb
South Jutlandic Definitely endangered[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Denmark jut
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom ydd
Greece
Main article: Languages of Greece
Aromanian Definitely endangered[1] 210,000[3] Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Serbia rup
Arvanitika Severely endangered[1] 50,000[67]   aat
Cappadocian Greek Critically endangered[1] 2,800[68]   cpg
Corfiot Italkian Critically endangered[1] 250    
Gagauz (South Balkans) Severely endangered[1] 148,720[30] (South Balkans) . Also spoken in: North Macedonia, Turkey bgx, gag
Judezmo Severely endangered[1] 60,000[4] Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey lad
Megleno-Romanian Severely endangered[1] 5,000[69] Also spoken in: North Macedonia ruq
Pontic Greek Definitely endangered[1] 778,000[7] Also spoken in: Armenia, Georgia, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine pnt
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Tsakonian Critically endangered[1] 2,000–4,000[70]   tsd
Hungary
Main article: Languages of Hungary
Bavarian Vulnerable[1] 14,089,000[11] Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Switzerland bar
Burgenland Croatian Definitely endangered[1] 50,000–60,000[12] Also spoken in: Austria, Slovakia hbs
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Rusyn Vulnerable[1] 70,000[71] Also spoken in: Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine rue
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom ydd
Ireland
Main article: Languages of Ireland
Irish Definitely endangered[1] 170,000-1,760,000[72][73] Also spoken in: United Kingdom gle
Shelta Critically endangered[74] 50,000[75] sth
Italy
Main article: Languages of Italy
Alemannic Vulnerable[9] 7,162,000[10] Also spoken in: Austria, France, Germany, Liechtenstein, Switzerland gsw, swg, wae
Algherese (Catalan) Definitely endangered[1] Unknown   cat
Alpine Provençal Definitely endangered[1] Unknown Also spoken in: France oci
Arbëresh Definitely endangered[1] 100,000[76]   aae
Bavarian Vulnerable[1] 14,089,000[11] Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland bar
Cimbrian Definitely endangered[1] 400[77]   cim
Corsican Definitely endangered[1] 150,000[49] Also spoken in: France cos
Emilian Definitely endangered[1] c. 1,300,000[78]   egl
Faetar Severely endangered[1] <1,000[79] An outlying dialect of Francoprovençal frp
Franco-Provençal Definitely endangered[1] 157,000[50] Also spoken in: France, Switzerland frp
Friulian Definitely endangered[1] 600,000[80]   fur
Gallo-Italic of Sicily Definitely endangered[1] 60,000[81]   lmo
Gallurese Definitely endangered[1] 100,000[82] An outlying dialect of Corsican, yet listed as being part of Sardinian by UNESCO sdn
Gardiol Severely endangered[1] Unknown An outlying dialect of Alpine Provençal  
Griko Definitely endangered[1] 20,000[83] An outlying dialect of Greek spoken in Calabria and Salento ell
Ladin Definitely endangered[1] 41,100[84][85][86]   lld
Ligurian Definitely endangered[1] 600,000[52] Also spoken in: France, Monaco lij
Lombard Definitely endangered[1] 3,800,000[87] Also spoken in: Switzerland lmo
Mòcheno Definitely endangered[1] 1,900[88] An outlying dialect of Bavarian mhn
Molise Croatian Severely endangered[1] 1,000[89]   svm
Neapolitan Vulnerable[1] 5,700,000[90]   nap
Piedmontese Definitely endangered[1] 2,000,000[91]   pms
Resian Severely endangered[1] 929[92] An outlying dialect of Slovene slv
Romagnol Definitely endangered[1] 430,000[93] Also spoken in: San Marino rgn
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Sardinian Definitely endangered[1] 1,000,000[94][95]   src, sro
Sassarese Definitely endangered[1] 100,000[96] An outlying dialect of Corsican, yet listed as being part of Sardinian by UNESCO sdc
Sicilian Vulnerable[1] 4,700,000[97]   scn
South Tyrolean German Vulnerable[1] 300,000[98]   bar
Swabian German Severely endangered[1] 820,000[99]   swg
Swiss German Definitely endangered[1] 4,930,000[100]   gsw
Töitschu Severely endangered[1] 22,780[101] An outlying dialect of Alemannic gsw, swg, wae
Venetian Vulnerable[1] 3,900,000[33] Also spoken in: Croatia, Slovenia vec
Walser Severely endangered[1] 22,780[102]   wae
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom ydd
Kazakhstan
Main article: Languages of Kazakhstan
Dungan Definitely endangered[1] 110,000[103] Also spoken in: Kyrgyzstan dng
Latvia
Main article: Languages of Latvia
Belarusian Vulnerable[1] 5,058,400[24] Also spoken in: Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine bel
Latgalian Vulnerable[1] 200,000[104] Also spoken in: Russia lav
Livonian Critically endangered[1] 250[105]   liv
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom ydd
Liechtenstein
Main article: Languages of Liechtenstein
Alemannic Vulnerable[9] 7,162,000[10] Also spoken in: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland gsw, swg, wae
Lithuania
Main article: Languages of Lithuania
Belarusian Vulnerable[1] 5,058,400[24] Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Ukraine bel
Karaim Severely endangered[1] 80[106] (Lithuania).   kdr
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom ydd
Luxembourg
Main article: Languages of Luxembourg
Luxembourgish Vulnerable[1] 430,000[107] Also spoken in: Belgium, France, Germany ltz
Walloon Definitely endangered[1] 600,000[27] Also spoken in: Belgium, France wln
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom ydd
Moldova
Main article: Languages of Moldova
Gagauz (Bessarabia) Critically endangered[1] 148,720[30] Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Ukraine bgx, gag
Monaco
Main article: Languages of Monaco
Ligurian Definitely endangered[1] 600,000[52] Also spoken in: France, Italy lij
Montenegro
Main article: Languages of Montenegro
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Netherlands
Main article: Languages of the Netherlands
Limburgish Vulnerable[1] 1,300,000[25] Also spoken in: Belgium, Germany lim
Low Saxon Vulnerable[1] 2,200,000[37] Also spoken in: Denmark, Germany, Russia act, drt, frs, gos, nds, sdz, stl, twd, vel, wep
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
West Flemish Vulnerable[1] 1,400,000[28] Also spoken in: Belgium, France vls, zea
West Frisian Vulnerable[1] 470,000[108]   fry
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom ydd
North Macedonia
Main article: Languages of North Macedonia
Aromanian Definitely endangered[1] 210,000[3] Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia rup
Megleno-Romanian Severely endangered[1] 5,000[69] Also spoken in: Greece ruq
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Norway
Main article: Languages of Norway
Lule Sámi Severely endangered[1] 650[109] Also spoken in: Sweden smj
North Saami Definitely endangered[1] 25,000[42] Also spoken in: Finland, Russia, Sweden sme
Pite Sámi Critically endangered[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Sweden sje
Skolt Saami Severely endangered[1] 350[44] Also spoken in: Finland, Russia sms
Southern Sámi Severely endangered[1] 600[110] Also spoken in: Sweden sma
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom ydd
Poland
Main article: Languages of Poland
Belarusian Vulnerable[1] 5,058,400[24] Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine bel
Kashubian Severely endangered[1] 108,000[111] Also spoken in: Canada csb
Polesian Vulnerable[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Belarus, Ukraine  
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Rusyn Vulnerable[1] 70,000[71] Also spoken in: Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine rue
Wymysorys Severely endangered[1] 20[112]   wym
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom ydd
Portugal
Main article: Languages of Portugal
Asturian-Leonese Definitely endangered[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Spain ast, ext, mwl
Romania
Main article: Languages of Romania
Banat Bulgarian Definitely endangered[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Serbia bul
Crimean Tatar Severely endangered[1] 580,000[29] (Dobruja) . Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Russia, Ukraine crh, jct
Csángó Severely endangered.[1] Unknown   hun
Gagauz (Bessarabia) Severely endangered[1] 148,720[30] Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine bgx, gag
Judezmo Severely endangered[1] 60,000[4] Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Turkey, Serbia lad
Nogai Severely endangered[1] 87,000[113] (Dobruja) .   nog
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Rusyn Vulnerable[1] 70,000[71] Also spoken in: Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine rue
Torlakian Vulnerable[1] 1,500,000[6] Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Serbia hbs
Transylvanian Saxon Severely endangered[1] 200,000[114]    
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom ydd
Russia
Main articles: Languages of Russia and List of endangered languages in Russia
San Marino
Main article: Languages of San Marino
Romagnol Definitely endangered[1] 430,000[93] Also spoken in: Italy rgn
Serbia
Main article: Languages of Serbia
Aromanian Definitely endangered[1] 210,000[3] Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia rup
Banat Bulgarian Definitely endangered[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Romania bul
Judezmo Severely endangered[1] 60,000[4] Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Turkey lad
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Torlakian Vulnerable[1] 1,500,000[6] Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Romania hbs
Vojvodina Rusyn Definitely endangered[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Croatia  
Slovakia
Main article: Languages of Slovakia
Burgenland Croatian Definitely endangered[1] 50,000–60,000[12] Also spoken in: Austria, Hungary hbs
Eastern Slovak Vulnerable[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Ukraine slk
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Rusyn Vulnerable[1] 70,000[71] Also spoken in: Hungary, Poland, Romania, Ukraine rue
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom ydd
Slovenia
Main article: Languages of Slovenia
Gottscheerish Critically endangered[1] Unknown    
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Venetian Vulnerable[1] 3,900,000[33] Also spoken in: Croatia, Italy vec
Spain
Main article: Languages of Spain
Aragonese Definitely endangered[1] 30,000–50,000[115]   arg
Asturian-Leonese Definitely endangered[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Portugal ast, ext, mwl
Basque Vulnerable[1] 751,000[46] Also spoken in: France eus
Gascon Definitely endangered[1] Unknown Also spoken in: France oci
Sweden
Main article: Languages of Sweden
Dalecarlian Definitely endangered[1] Unknown   swe
Modern Gutnish Definitely endangered[1] 2,000–5,000[116][117]   swe
Lule Sámi Severely endangered[1] 650[109] Also spoken in: Norway smj
North Saami Definitely endangered[1] 25,000[42] Also spoken in: Finland, Norway, Russia sme
Pite Sámi Critically endangered[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Norway sje
Scanian Vulnerable[1] Unknown swe
Southern Sámi Severely endangered[1] 600[110] Also spoken in: Norway sma
Ume Sámi Critically endangered[1] 100[118]   sju
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom ydd
Switzerland
Main article: Languages of Switzerland
Alemannic Vulnerable[9] Also spoken in: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein gsw, swg, wae
Bavarian Vulnerable[1] 14,089,000[11] Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy bar
Frainc-Comtou Severely endangered[1] Unknown Also spoken in: France fra
Franco-Provençal Definitely endangered[1] 157,000[50] Also spoken in: France, Italy frp
Lombard Definitely endangered[1] 3,800,000[87] Also spoken in: Italy lmo
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Romansh Definitely endangered[1] 60,000[119]   roh
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom ydd
Turkey
Main articles: Languages of Turkey and List of endangered languages in Asia § Turkey
Abaza Definitely endangered[1] 49,800[120] Also spoken in: Russia abq
Abkhaz Vulnerable[1] 190,000[55] Also spoken in: Georgia, Russia abk
Adyghe Definitely endangered[1] 610,000[121] Also spoken in: Iraq, Israel, Jordan, North Macedonia, Russia, Syria ady
Gagauz (South Balkans) Severely endangered[1] 460,000[122] (South Balkans) Also spoken in: Greece, North Macedonia bgx
Homshetsma Definitely endangered[1] Unknown   hye
Judezmo Severely endangered[1] 60,000[4] Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia lad
Kabard-Cherkes Vulnerable[1] 590,000[123] Also spoken in: Russia kbd
Laz Definitely endangered[1] 22,000[58] Also spoken in: Georgia lzz
Pontic Greek Definitely endangered[1] 778,000[7] Also spoken in: Armenia, Georgia, Greece, Russia, Ukraine pnt
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Suret Definitely endangered[1] 650,000–1,000,000[8] Also spoken in: Armenia, Iran, Iraq, Syria aii, cld
Western Armenian Definitely endangered[1] 1,600,000[124]   hye
Zazaki Vulnerable[1] 3,000,000–4,000,000[125]   zza
Ukraine
Main article: Languages of Ukraine
Belarusian Vulnerable[1] 5,058,400[24] Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia bel
Crimean Tatar Severely endangered[1] 580,000[29] (Crimea). Also spoken in Bulgaria, Romania, Russia crh, jct
Crimean Turkish Severely endangered[1] 580,000[29]    
Eastern Slovak Vulnerable[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Slovakia slk
Gagauz Definitely endangered[1] 148,720[30] (Bessarabia). Also spoken in: Moldova bgx, gag
Karaim Critically endangered[1] 80[106] (Western Ukraine)   kdr
Mariupolitan Greek Severely endangered[1] Unknown   ell
Nogai Severely endangered[1] 87,000[113] (Crimea)   nog
Plautdietsch Definitely endangered[1] 447,360[126]   pdt
Polesian Vulnerable[1] Unknown Also spoken in: Belarus, Poland  
Pontic Greek Definitely endangered[1] 778,000[7] Also spoken in: Armenia, Georgia, Greece, Russia, Turkey pnt
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Rusyn Vulnerable[1] 70,000[71] Also spoken in: Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia rue
Urum Definitely endangered[1] 190,000[62] Also spoken in: Georgia, Russia uum
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom ydd
United Kingdom and Crown dependencies
Main articles: Languages of the United Kingdom and Languages of Ireland
Cornish Critically endangered[1] 557[127]   cor
Guernésiais Severely endangered[1] 200[128]  (Guernsey) nrn
Irish Definitely endangered[1] 170,000-1,760,000[72][73] Also spoken in: Ireland gle
Jèrriais Severely endangered[1] 4,700[128]  (Jersey) nrn
Manx Critically endangered[1] 1,853[129]  (Isle of Man) glv
Romani Definitely endangered[1] 3,500,000[5] Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Scots Vulnerable[1] 99,200[130]   sco
Scottish Gaelic Definitely endangered[1] 57,375[131] Also spoken in: Canada gla
Sercquiais Critically endangered 3[132]
Welsh Vulnerable[1] 892,200[133] Also spoken in: Patagonia cym
Yiddish Definitely endangered[1] 1,510,000[13] Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine ydd

See also

[edit]
Wikiversity has learning resources about Endangered languages of Europe

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc Moseley, Christopher, ed. (2010). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. Memory of Peoples (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
  2. ^ For the online atlas version see here
  3. ^ a b c d e "Aromanian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Peim, Benjamin (16 April 2009). "Ladino Lingers on in Brooklyn – Barely". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "Romani Project: Numbers and distribution". University of Manchester.
  6. ^ a b c d "Torlak" at "UNESCO's list of endangered languages". Unesco.org. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Pontic". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved 2018-04-11.
  8. ^ a b "Suret Language". 9 May 2024.
  9. ^ a b c d e f "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger - Interactive Map." (Alemannic was added to the list as "Vulnerable" in July, 2017)
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  11. ^ a b c d e f List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  12. ^ a b c "Geschichte der kroatischen Volksgruppe in Österreich" [History of the Croatian ethnic group in Austria]. hrvatskicentar.at (in German). Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
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  17. ^ List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  18. ^ List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019) Closed access icon
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  21. ^ List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  22. ^ List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016) Closed access icon
  23. ^ a b List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  24. ^ a b c d e "Population classified by knowledge of the Belarusian and Russian languages by region and Minsk City". Belstat.gov.by. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  25. ^ a b List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  26. ^ a b Auger, Julie (14–17 February 2003). "Issues of authenticity, purity, and autonomy in minority languages: What is "real" Picard, and who is an "authentic" speaker?". Congress Minority and Diasporic Languages of Europe. Berkeley, US: Indiana University. in Nowak, Pawel; Yoquelet, Corey (eds.). Berkeley Linguistics Society (BLS 29).
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  28. ^ a b c List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required); List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  29. ^ a b c d List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  30. ^ a b c d e f List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020) Closed access icon
  31. ^ List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020) Closed access icon
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  34. ^ List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  35. ^ a b List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
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  38. ^ "Rahva ja eluruumide loendus 2021 – eesti keelt kõnelev rahvastik murdekeele oskuse, vanuserühma, soo ja elukoha (haldusüksus) järgi, 31. detsember 2021" [Population and housing census 2021 - Estonian-speaking population by dialect proficiency, age group, gender and place of residence (administrative unit), December 31, 2021] (in Estonian).
  39. ^ "Anaras: The Inari Sámis". Archived from the original on 2007-10-23. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
  40. ^ "Rosstat — Vserossiyskaya perepis' naseleniya 2020" Росстат — Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 [Rosstat — All-Russian Population Census 2020]. rosstat.gov.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  41. ^ "Karel'skiy yazyk" Карельский язык [Karelian] (in Russian).
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  43. ^ Karjalainen, Heini; Puura, Ulriikka; Grünthal, Riho; Kovaleva, Svetlana (2013). "Karelian in Russia. ELDIA Case-Specific Report". Studies in European Language Diversity. 26. ELDIA. ISSN 2192-2403.
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  45. ^ a b c d List of endangered languages in Europe at Ethnologue (15th ed., 2005) Closed access icon
  46. ^ a b (in French) VI° Enquête Sociolinguistique en Euskal herria (Communauté Autonome d'Euskadi, Navarre et Pays Basque Nord) Archived 21 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine (2016).)
  47. ^ "ENQUÊTE SOCIO-LINGUISTIQUE : QUI PARLE LES LANGUES DE BRETAGNE AUJOURD'HUI ?". Région Bretagne. 8 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  48. ^ "Bourguignon-morvandiau | Défense et promotion des langues d'oïlDéfense et promotion des langues d'oïl" (in French).
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  51. ^ "Enquête socio-linguistique: qui parle les langues de Bretagne aujourd'hui?" [Socio-linguistic survey: who speaks the languages of Brittany today?]. Région Bretagne (in French). 8 October 2018.
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  54. ^ Delavaud, Jean (4 March 2017). "Langues régionales. Une journée pour parler le poitevin-saintongeais" [Regional languages. A day to speak Poitevin-Saintongeais]. Ouest-France (in French). Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
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  57. ^ Fox, S. (2009). The Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan. New Jersey: Gorgias Press.
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