Mellisugini

Mellisugini
	Bee hummingbird (Melisuga helenae)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Strisores
Order:	Apodiformes
Family:	Trochilidae
Subfamily:	Trochilinae
Tribe:	Mellisugini; Reichenbach, 1854
Genera
	16, see text

Mellisugini is one of the three tribes that make up the subfamily Trochilinae in the hummingbird family Trochilidae. The other two tribes in the subfamily are Lampornithini (mountain gems) and Trochilini (emeralds).

The informal name "bees" has been proposed for this group as it includes the tiny bee hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae) that is endemic to Cuba.^[1]

The tribe contains 37 species divided into 16 genera.^[2]^[3]

Phylogeny

A molecular phylogenetic study of the hummingbirds published in 2007 found that the family was composed of nine major clades.^[4] When Edward Dickinson and James Van Remsen, Jr. updated the Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World for the 4th edition in 2013 they based their classification on these results and placed three of the nine clades in the subfamily Trochilinae. The clades were placed in separate tribes which they named Mellisugini (bees), Lampornithini (mountain gems) and Trochilini (emeralds).^[5] The tribe Mellisugini with the current circumscription was introduced in 2009.^[6] A subfamily Mellisuginae had been introduced by the German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach in 1854.^[7]

Molecular phylogenetic studies by Jimmy McGuire and collaborators published between 2007 and 2014 determined the relationships between the major groups of hummingbirds.^[2]^[4]^[6] In the cladogram below the English names are those introduced in 1997.^[8] The Latin names are those proposed by Dickinson and Remsen in 2013.^[9]

Trochilidae

	Florisuginae – topazes

	Phaethornithinae – hermits

Polytminae – mangoes

Lesbiinae

	Heliantheini – brilliants

	Lesbiini – coquettes

Patagoninae – giant hummingbird

Trochilinae

	Lampornithini – mountain gems

	Mellisugini – bees

Trochilini – emeralds

The cladogram below shows the relationships between the genera and is based on a molecular phylogenetic study by Yuyini Licona-Vera and Juan Francisco Ornelas published in 2017.^[10] The results are in agreement with the phylogeny by Jimmy McGuire and collaborators published in 2014.^[2]

Mellisugini

woodstars

Tilmatura – sparkling-tailed woodstar

Calliphlox – amethyst woodstar

	Thaumastura – Peruvian sheartail

	Myrmia – short-tailed woodstar

	Myrtis – purple-collared woodstar

	Rhodopis – oasis hummingbird

Eulidia – Chilean woodstar

	Microstilbon – slender-tailed woodstar

	Chaetocercus – woodstars (6 species)

Philodice – woodstars (2 species)

sheartails

	Calothorax – sheartails (2 species)

	Doricha – sheartails (2 species)

Archilochus – hummingbirds (2 species)

	Nesophlox – woodstars (2 species)

	Mellisuga – hummingbirds (2 species)

	Calypte – hummingbirds (2 species)

	Selasphorus – hummingbirds (9 species)

The genus Calliphlox was found to be polyphyletic. As part of the revised classification to create monophyletic genera, the Bahama woodstar and the Inagua woodstar were moved to the resurrected genus Nesophlox.^[3] Later, the genus Philodice was resurrected to accommodate the purple-throated woodstar and the amethyst woodstar.^[11]^[12]

The genus Atthis containing the wine-throated hummingbird and the bumblebee hummingbird was embedded within Selasphorus.^[2]^[10] The genera were therefore merged and as under the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Selasphorus has priory over Atthis the two species were moved to Selasphorus.^[3]

Distinguishing features

The males of most species in the tribe Mellisugini have specialized tail feathers that produce sounds during their courtship display. This is not restricted to this tribe as males in the genus Discosura belonging to the tribe Lesbiini (coquettes) can also produce sounds from their tail feathers.^[13]^[14]

Most of the migratory hummingbirds are found in this tribe. Remarkable examples are the rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) that breeds as far north as western Canada and Alaska and overwinters in Mexico and the ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) that breeds in the eastern United States and then crosses the Gulf of Mexico to winter in Mexico and Central America. There are five other long-distance migrants in the tribe: the broad-tailed hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus), the calliope hummingbird (Selasphorus calliope), Allen's hummingbird (Selasphorus sasin), the black-chinned hummingbird (Archilochus alexandri) and the lucifer sheartail (Calothorax lucifer). It is likely that migratory behaviour has evolved several times.^[10]

Taxonomic list

The tribe contains 17 genera.^[3]

Image	Genus	Living species
	Calliphlox	Amethyst woodstar, Calliphlox amethystina
	Myrtis	Purple-collared woodstar, Myrtis fanny
	Rhodopis	Oasis hummingbird, Rhodopis vesper
	Myrmia	Short-tailed woodstar, Myrmia micrura
	Thaumastura	Peruvian sheartail, Thaumastura cora
	Philodice	Magenta-throated woodstar, Philodice bryantae Purple-throated woodstar, Philodice mitchellii
	Eulidia	Chilean woodstar, Eulidia yarrellii
	Microstilbon	Slender-tailed woodstar, Microstilbon burmeisteri
	Chaetocercus	White-bellied woodstar, Chaetocercus mulsant Little woodstar, Chaetocercus bombus Gorgeted woodstar, Chaetocercus heliodor Santa Marta woodstar, Chaetocercus astreans Esmeraldas woodstar, Chaetocercus berlepschi Rufous-shafted woodstar, Chaetocercus jourdanii
	Tilmatura	Sparkling-tailed woodstar, Tilmatura dupontii
	Doricha	Slender sheartail, Doricha enicura Mexican sheartail, Doricha eliza
	Calothorax	Lucifer sheartail, Calothorax lucifer Beautiful sheartail, Calothorax pulcher
	Archilochus	Black-chinned hummingbird, Archilochus alexandri Ruby-throated hummingbird, Archilochus colubris
	Mellisuga	Vervain hummingbird, Mellisuga minima Bee hummingbird, Mellisuga helenae
	Nesophlox	Bahama woodstar, Nesophlox evelynae Inagua woodstar, Nesophlox lyrura
	Calypte	Anna's hummingbird, Calypte anna Costa's hummingbird, Calypte costae
	Selasphorus	Calliope hummingbird, Selasphorus calliope Rufous hummingbird, Selasphorus rufus Allen's hummingbird, Selasphorus sasin Broad-tailed hummingbird, Selasphorus platycercus Bumblebee hummingbird, Selasphorus heloisa Wine-throated hummingbird, Selasphorus ellioti Volcano hummingbird, Selasphorus flammula Scintillant hummingbird, Selasphorus scintilla Glow-throated hummingbird, Selasphorus ardens

References

^ Bleiweiss, R.; Kirsch, J.A.; Matheus, J.C. (1997). "DNA hybridization evidence for the principal lineages of hummingbirds (Aves:Trochilidae)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (3): 325–343. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025767. PMID 9066799.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014). "Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016. PMID 24704078.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
^ ^a ^b McGuire, J.A.; Witt, C.C.; Altshuler, D.L.; Remsen, J.V. (2007). "Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of hummingbirds: Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of partitioned data and selection of an appropriate partitioning strategy". Systematic Biology. 56 (5): 837–856. doi:10.1080/10635150701656360. PMID 17934998.
^ Dickinson & Remsen 2013, p. 133.
^ ^a ^b McGuire, J.A.; Witt, C.C.; Remsen, J.V.; Dudley, R.; Altshuler, D.L. (2009). "A higher-level taxonomy for hummingbirds". Journal of Ornithology. 150 (1): 155–165. doi:10.1007/s10336-008-0330-x.
^ Reichenbach, Ludwig (1854). "Aufzählung der Colibris Oder Trochilideen in ihrer wahren natürlichen Verwandtschaft, nebst Schlüssel ihrer Synonymik". Journal für Ornithologie (Supplement) (in German). 1: 1–24 [6].
^ Bleiweiss, R.; Kirsch, J.A.; Matheus, J.C. (1997). "DNA hybridization evidence for the principal lineages of hummingbirds (Aves:Trochilidae)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (3): 325–343. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025767. PMID 9066799.
^ Dickinson & Remsen 2013, pp. 105–136.
^ ^a ^b ^c Licona-Vera, Yuyini; Ornelas, Juan Francisco (2017). "The conquering of North America: dated phylogenetic and biogeographic inference of migratory behavior in bee hummingbirds". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 126. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0980-5. PMC 5460336. PMID 28583078.
^ Donsker, David B.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Mason, Nicholas A. (September 2020). "Proposal 886: Resurrect Philodice as a separate genus from Calliphlox". South American Classification Committee, American Ornithological Society. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
^ Donsker, David B.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Mason, Nicholas A. (8 September 2020). Proposal 2021-A-12: Resurrect Philodice as a separate genus from Calliphlox (PDF) (Report). North American Classification Committee, American Ornithological Society. pp. 63–66.
^ Clark, C.J.; Elias, D.O.; Prum, R.O. (2011). "Aeroelastic flutter produces hummingbird feather songs". Science. 333 (6048): 1430–1433. Bibcode:2011Sci...333.1430C. doi:10.1126/science.1205222. PMID 21903810. S2CID 12248122.
^ Clark, C.J.; McGuire, J.A.; Bonaccorso, E.; Berv, J.S.; Prum, R.O. (2018). "Complex coevolution of wing, tail, and vocal sounds of courting male bee hummingbirds". Evolution. 72 (3): 630–646. doi:10.1111/evo.13432. PMID 29380351.

Sources

Dickinson, E.C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr., eds. (2013). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Non-passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. ISBN 978-0-9568611-0-8.

[bleiweiss-1] Bleiweiss, R.; Kirsch, J.A.; Matheus, J.C. (1997). "DNA hybridization evidence for the principal lineages of hummingbirds (Aves:Trochilidae)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (3): 325–343. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025767. PMID 9066799.

[mcguire2014-2] McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014). "Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016. PMID 24704078.

[ioc-3] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 10 January 2020.

[mcguire2007-4] McGuire, J.A.; Witt, C.C.; Altshuler, D.L.; Remsen, J.V. (2007). "Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of hummingbirds: Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of partitioned data and selection of an appropriate partitioning strategy". Systematic Biology. 56 (5): 837–856. doi:10.1080/10635150701656360. PMID 17934998.

[FOOTNOTEDickinsonRemsen2013133-5] Dickinson & Remsen 2013, p. 133.

[mcguire2009-6] McGuire, J.A.; Witt, C.C.; Remsen, J.V.; Dudley, R.; Altshuler, D.L. (2009). "A higher-level taxonomy for hummingbirds". Journal of Ornithology. 150 (1): 155–165. doi:10.1007/s10336-008-0330-x.

[7] Reichenbach, Ludwig (1854). "Aufzählung der Colibris Oder Trochilideen in ihrer wahren natürlichen Verwandtschaft, nebst Schlüssel ihrer Synonymik". Journal für Ornithologie (Supplement) (in German). 1: 1–24 [6].

[8] Bleiweiss, R.; Kirsch, J.A.; Matheus, J.C. (1997). "DNA hybridization evidence for the principal lineages of hummingbirds (Aves:Trochilidae)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (3): 325–343. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025767. PMID 9066799.

[FOOTNOTEDickinsonRemsen2013105–136-9] Dickinson & Remsen 2013, pp. 105–136.

[licona-10] Licona-Vera, Yuyini; Ornelas, Juan Francisco (2017). "The conquering of North America: dated phylogenetic and biogeographic inference of migratory behavior in bee hummingbirds". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 126. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0980-5. PMC 5460336. PMID 28583078.

[11] Donsker, David B.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Mason, Nicholas A. (September 2020). "Proposal 886: Resurrect Philodice as a separate genus from Calliphlox". South American Classification Committee, American Ornithological Society. Retrieved 12 January 2020.

[12] Donsker, David B.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Mason, Nicholas A. (8 September 2020). Proposal 2021-A-12: Resurrect Philodice as a separate genus from Calliphlox (PDF) (Report). North American Classification Committee, American Ornithological Society. pp. 63–66.

[13] Clark, C.J.; Elias, D.O.; Prum, R.O. (2011). "Aeroelastic flutter produces hummingbird feather songs". Science. 333 (6048): 1430–1433. Bibcode:2011Sci...333.1430C. doi:10.1126/science.1205222. PMID 21903810. S2CID 12248122.

[14] Clark, C.J.; McGuire, J.A.; Bonaccorso, E.; Berv, J.S.; Prum, R.O. (2018). "Complex coevolution of wing, tail, and vocal sounds of courting male bee hummingbirds". Evolution. 72 (3): 630–646. doi:10.1111/evo.13432. PMID 29380351.

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