Jump to content

Talk:List of coupled cousins/workspace

Page contents not supported in other languages.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

List of marriages between remote relatives (1st cousins once removed, 2nd cousins, or more remote). Cut from article as irrelevant.

First cousins once removed have a coefficient of relationship of r=6.25% (1/16). Half-first cousins also have r=6.25%. Second cousins have r=3.1% (1/32), third cousins have r=0.8%, fourth cousins have r=0.2%.

People with a coefficient of relationship below 0.1% (half-fourth cousins and more remote) usually do not have a closer genetic relationship than with the average person from their population, and cannot be readily identified by genetic testing.[1]

Royalty

[edit]

Europe

[edit]

The royal couples listed here are but a small representation of the innumerable cousins of varying degrees who have married between royal or noble houses. Due to the constitutional interest that their marital status raises, as well as the fact that genealogical records of royal houses are more plentiful and readily available than those of ordinary people, their bloodlines are better known than those of commoners.

Claudius
Isabella
Henry VIII
Mary, Queen of Scots
Catherine II
Marie Antoinette
Victor Emmanuel II
Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Tsar Nicholas II
Carol II
Person Spouse Married Relationship Common Ancestor(s)
Agrippina the Elder Germanicus between 5 BC and 1 BC Second cousins Gaius Octavius and Atia Balba Caesonia
Prince Alexander of Teck Princess Alice of Albany St George's Chapel, Windsor, 10 February 1904 Second cousins once removed George III of the United Kingdom
Alfonso XII of Spain Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria
(second wife)
Basilica of Atocha, Madrid, 29 November 1879 Third cousins Charles III of Spain
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia Winter Palace, St. Petersburg, 23 January 1874 Third cousins once removed Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg
Alois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein Duchess Sophie in Bavaria St. Florin's, Vaduz, 3 July 1993 Fifth cousins once removed Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, 13 March 1879 Third cousins once removed Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg
Prince Arthur of Connaught Princess Alexandra, Duchess of Fife Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace, 15 October 1913 First cousins once removed Queen Victoria
Carol II of Romania Princess Helen of Greece and Denmark Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens, 10 March 1921 Second cousins Queen Victoria
Princess Margaretha of Sweden Prince Axel of Denmark 22 May 1919 first cousin once removed Christian IX of Denmark
Catherine the Great Peter III of Russia 21 August 1745 Second cousins Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
Charles I of Austria Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma Schwarzau Castle, 21 October 1911 Fourth cousins Charles IV of Spain
Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy Catherine of France
(first wife)
19 May 1440 Third cousins John II of France
Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy Margaret of York
(third wife)
Damme, 3 July 1468 Third cousins Edward III of England
Charles I of England Henrietta Maria of France St Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury, Kent, 13 June 1625 Third cousins once removed Francis, Count of Vendôme
Charles II, Duke of Parma Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy Lucca, 5 September 1820 Double second cousins Philip, Duke of Parma; Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Theresa of Austria
Charles II of England Catherine of Braganza Domus Dei, Portsmouth, Hampshire, 21 May 1662 Seventh cousins once removed Ferdinand I of Aragon
Charles III, Duke of Parma Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois Schloss Frohsdorf, Austria, 10 November 1845 Second cousins Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia
Charles VII of France Marie of Anjou 18 December 1422 Second cousins John II of France
Charles X of France Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy Palace of Versailles, 16 November 1773 Double second cousins once removed Louis, Dauphin of France; Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia
Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain 1582 First cousins once removed (through Francis I of France);
Second cousins (through Manuel I of Portugal)
Francis I of France; Manuel I of Portugal
Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia Marie Clotilde of France Palace of Versailles, 27 August 1775 Double second cousin once removed Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia; Louis, Dauphin of France
Charles Felix of Sardinia Princess Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily Palermo, 6 April 1807 First cousins once removed Philip V of Spain
Christian IX of Denmark Louise of Hesse-Kassel Amalienborg Palace, Copenhagen, 26 May 1842 Double second cousins Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and Princess Mary of Great Britain; Frederick V of Denmark
Claudia Antonia Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix
(second husband)
AD 47 Second cousins Mark Antony
Claudius, Emperor of Rome Valeria Messalina Rome, AD 37 or AD 38 First cousins once removed Mark Antony and Octavia Minor
Constantine II of Greece Princess Anne-Marie of Denmark Athens, 18 September 1964 Double third cousins Christian IX of Denmark; Queen Victoria
Drusus Caesar Aemilia Lepida Third cousins Scribonia
Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York Infanta Isabella of Castile
(first wife)
1372 Third cousins twice removed Ferdinand III of Castile
Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York Joan Holland
(second wife)
c. 4 November 1393 Second cousins once removed Edward I of England
Edward II of England Isabella of France Boulogne-sur-Mer, 25 January 1308 Third cousins once removed Alfonso VIII of Castile
Edward III of England Philippa of Hainault York Minister, 24 January 1328 Second cousins Philip III of France
Edward VII of the United Kingdom Princess Alexandra of Denmark St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, 10 March 1863 Fourth cousins George II of Great Britain
Edward the Black Prince, Prince of Wales Joan, 4th Countess of Kent Windsor Castle, 10 October 1361 First cousins once removed Edward I of England
Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor of Austria-Este
(first husband)
Vienna, 4 October 1847 Second cousins Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Theresa of Austria
Queen Elizabeth II Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Westminster Abbey, 20 November 1947 Second cousins once removed (through Christian IX of Denmark);
Third cousins (through Queen Victoria)
Christian IX of Denmark; Queen Victoria
Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry 10 July 1559 Half-first cousins once removed Philip II, Duke of Savoy
Ferdinand I of Austria Princess Maria Anna of Savoy Vienna, 27 February 1831 Second cousins Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Theresa of Austria
Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein 11 October 1905 Half-second cousins once removed Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies Princess Maria Cristina of Savoy
(first wife)
Cagliari, 21 November 1832 Second cousins Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Theresa of Austria
Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria
(second wife)
Vienna, 9 January 1837 Double second cousins Charles III of Spain; Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Theresa of Austria
Francis I of France Claude of France, Duchess of Brittany Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 18 May 1514 Second cousins Louis I, Duke of Orléans
Frederick III, German Emperor Victoria, Princess Royal Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace, 25 January 1858 Third cousins Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg
Frederick VII of Denmark Princess Vilhelmine Marie of Denmark Copenhagen, 1 November 1828 Second cousins Frederick V of Denmark
Frederick IX of Denmark Princess Ingrid of Sweden Stockholm, 24 May 1935 Double third cousins Oscar I of Sweden; Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden
Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia Princess Sophie of Isenburg Potsdam, 25 August 2011 Sixth cousin once-removed[clarification needed] Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg
George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence Lady Isabel Neville Calais, France, 11 July 1469 First cousins once removed Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland and Joan Beaufort
George II of Greece Princess Elisabeth of Romania Bucharest, 27 February 1921 Second cousins Queen Victoria
George V of the United Kingdom Princess Mary of Teck Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace, 6 July 1893 Double second cousins once removed George III of the United Kingdom; Landgrave Frederick III of Hesse-Kassel
Princess Helena of the United Kingdom Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein Windsor Castle, 5 July 1866 Third cousins Frederick, Prince of Wales
Henry II of England Eleanor of Aquitaine 18 May 1152 Half-third cousins Ermengarde of Anjou
Henry IV of England Mary de Bohun
(first wife)
Second cousins (through Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster);
Third cousins (through Edward I of England
Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster; Edward I of England
Henry IV of England Joan of Navarre
(second wife)
7 February 1403 Third cousins Philip IV of France and Joan I of Navarre
Henry IV of France Margaret of Valois
(first wife)
Notre Dame Cathedral, 18 August 1572 Second cousins Charles, Count of Angoulême
Henry VI of England Margaret of Anjou Titchfield, Hampshire, 23 April 1445 Third cousins John II of France
Henry VII of England Elizabeth of York Westminster Abbey, 18 January 1486 Third cousins John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and Katherine de Roet
Henry VIII of England Catherine of Aragon
(first wife)
Greenwich Palace, 11 June 1509
(annulled 23 May 1533)
Third cousins once removed (through John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster);
Double fourth cousins (through Peter of Castile)
John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster; Peter of Castile
Henry VIII of England Anne Boleyn
(second wife)
Westminster Abbey, 25 January 1533
(annulled 17 May 1536)
Seventh cousins twice removed Edward I of England
Henry VIII of England Jane Seymour
(third wife)
York Place, 30 May 1536 Fifth cousins Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster
Henry VIII of England Anne of Cleves
(fourth wife)
Greenwich Palace, 6 January 1540
(annulled 9 July 1540)
Ninth cousins Edward I of England
Henry VIII of England Catherine Howard
(fifth wife)
Oatlands Palace, 28 July 1540
(annulled 23 November 1541)
Seventh cousins once removed Edward I of England
Henry VIII of England Catherine Parr
(sixth wife)
Hampton Court Palace, London, 12 July 1543 Third cousins once removed Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland and Joan Beaufort
Isabella I of Castile Ferdinand II of Aragon Palacio de los Vivero, Valladolid, 19 October 1469 Second cousins John I of Castile
Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein Marie Aglaë, Countess Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau 30 July 1967 Second cousins once removed Ferdinand Bonaventura, 7th Prince Kinsky of Wchinitz and Tettau
James I of England Anne of Denmark Old Bishop's Palace in Oslo, 23 November 1589 Third cousins once removed Christian I of Denmark
James II of England Mary of Modena
(second wife)
21 November 1673 Fourth cousins twice removed Philip I of Castile and Joanna of Castile
James IV of Scotland Margaret Tudor Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh, 8 August 1503 Third cousins John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset
John I of Portugal Philippa of Lancaster 11 February 1387 Fourth cousins once removed James I of Aragon
John V Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor Helena Kantakouzene Constantinople, 28 May 1347 Second cousins Michael VIII Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor
John VI of Portugal Carlota of Spain 8 May 1785 Second cousins Philip V of Spain
John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster Blanche of Lancaster
(first wife)
Reading Abbey, Reading, Berkshire, 19 May 1359 Third cousins Henry III of England
John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster Infanta Constance of Castile
(second wife)
Roquefort, 21 September 1371 Third cousins twice removed Ferdinand III of Castile
Juan Carlos I of Spain Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark Church of Saint Dennis, Athens, 14 May 1962 Third cousins, Third cousins once removed Queen Victoria
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, 27 April 1882 Third cousins twice removed Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg
Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster
(first wife)
Tower of London, 15 August 1352 Third cousins once removed Edward I of England
Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon Palace of Versailles, 5 April 1769 Second cousins Philippe II, Duke of Orléans
Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse Princess Alice of the United Kingdom Osborne House, 1 July 1862 Fourth cousins Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Louis XVI of France Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria Palace of Versailles, 16 May 1770 Second cousins once removed Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
Louis XII of France Anne, Duchess of Brittany
(second wife)
8 January 1499 First cousins once removed Louis I, Duke of Orléans
Louis XVIII of France Princess Marie Joséphine of Savoy Palace of Versailles, 14 May 1771 Double second cousins once removed Louis, Dauphin of France and Duchess Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria; Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia and Anne Marie d'Orléans
Louise, Princess Royal Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife Buckingham Palace, 27 July 1889 Third cousins George III of the United Kingdom
Manuel I of Portugal Isabella, Princess of Asturias
(first wife)
Estremoz, 3 November 1490 Second cousins Ferdinand I of Aragon; John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
Manuel I of Portugal Maria of Aragon
(second wife)
Alcazar de Sal, 30 October 1500 Second cousins Ferdinand I of Aragon; John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
Manuel I of Portugal Eleanor of Austria
(third wife)
16 July 1518 Second cousins once removed Ferdinand I of Aragon; John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
Manuel II of Portugal Princess Augusta Victoria of Hohenzollern 4 September 1913 Third cousins Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Princess Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág et Szitnya
Marcus Aurelius, Emperor of Rome Faustina the Younger 13 May 145 Second cousins Libo Rupilius Frugi and Salonina Matidia
Mary, Queen of Scots Francis II of France
(first husband)
24 April 1558 Second cousins Jean VIII, Count of Vendôme
Mary, Queen of Scots Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
(second husband)
Chapel-Royal, Palace of Holyroodhouse, Edinburgh, 9 July 1565 Half-first cousins Margaret Tudor
Mary, Queen of Scots James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell
(third husband)
Great Hall, Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh, 15 May 1567 Half-third cousins once removed Lady Joan Beaufort
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor Mary, Duchess of Burgundy
(first wife)
Ghent, 18 August 1477 Second cousins John I of Portugal
Maximilian I of Mexico Princess Charlotte of Belgium Brussels, 27 July 1857 Second cousins Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
Michael of Romania Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma Athens, 10 June 1948 Second cousins once removed Christian IX of Denmark
Nero, Emperor of Rome Claudia Octavia Rome, 9 June AD 53 First cousins once removed Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus and Antonia Major
Nicholas I of Russia Princess Charlotte of Prussia Chapel of the Winter Palace, 13 July 1817 Third cousins Frederick William I of Prussia
Nicholas II of Russia Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine Grand Church of the Winter Palace, Winter Palace, Saint Petersburg, 26 November 1894 Second cousins Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine
Paul of Greece Princess Frederica of Hanover Athens, 9 January 1938 First cousins once removed (through Frederick III, German Emperor);
Second cousins (through Christian IX of Denmark)
Frederick III, German Emperor; Christian IX of Denmark
Pedro I of Brazil Archduchess Maria Leopoldina of Austria
(first wife)
1817 Second cousins Charles III of Spain
Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March Reading Abbey, 1368 Third cousins once removed Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester
Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy Isabella of Portugal
(third wife)
Bruges, 7 January 1430 Third cousins William I, Count of Hainaut
Philip II of Spain Mary I of England
(second wife)
Winchester Cathedral, 25 July 1554 First cousins once removed Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile
Philip V of Spain Princess Maria Luisa of Savoy
(first wife)
Barcelona, 2 November 1701 Double second cousins Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy; Louis XIII of France
Philip V of Spain Elisabeth Farnese
(second wife)
Parma, 24 December 1714 Third cousins William V, Duke of Bavaria
Prince Philipp of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Princess Louise of Belgium Brussels, 4 February 1875
(divorced Gotha, 15 January 1906)
First cousins once removed (through Louis Philippe I of France);
Second cousins (through Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld)
Louis Philippe I of France; Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge Anne de Mortimer May 1406 First cousins once removed Edward III of England
Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York Lady Cecily Neville 1429 Second cousins Edward III of England
Richard II of England Anne of Bohemia
(first wife)
Westminster Abbey, 20 January 1382 Fourth cousins Henry III, Duke of Brabant
Richard II of England Isabella of Valois
(second wife)
31 October 1396 Half-third cousins Charles, Count of Valois
Richard III of England Lady Anne Neville Westminster Abbey, 12 July 1472 First cousins once removed Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland and Joan Beaufort
Robert I, Duke of Parma Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
(first wife)
Rome, 5 April 1869 Half-first cousins once removed Francis I of the Two Sicilies
Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine Prince Louis of Battenberg Darmstadt, 30 April 1884 First cousins once removed Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine
Wilhelm II, German Emperor Princess Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg 27 February 1881 Half-second cousins Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

Outside Europe

[edit]
Kamehameha IV
Queen Emma
Guangxu Emperor
Prince Shōtoku

Aristocrats

[edit]
Person Spouse Married Relationship Common Ancestor(s)
Lady Frances Brandon Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk
(first husband)
Southwark, London, 1533 Half-second cousins Elizabeth Woodville
Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester Amy Robsart
(first wife)
4 June 1550 Sixth cousins once removed Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick
Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester Lettice Knollys
(second wife)
Wanstead Hall, Essex, 21 September 1578 Sixth cousins Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick
Jessica Mitford Esmond Romilly 18 May 1937 second cousin
Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham Lady Anne Neville Raby Castle, County Durham, before 18 October 1424 Second cousins Edward III of England
Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Stafford Lady Margaret Beaufort Third cousins Edward III of England
Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March Lady Alianore Holland 7 October 1388 Third cousins once removed Edward I of England
Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent Lady Alice FitzAlan 10 April 1364 Third cousins Henry III of England
Lady Eleanor Neville Richard le Despenser, 4th Baron Burghersh
(first husband)
Second cousins Edward III of England
Lady Eleanor Neville Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland
(second husband)
Second cousins Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby
John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset Lady Margaret Holland 27 September 1397 Third cousins Edward I of England
Lady Elizabeth Percy Ralph Neville, 2nd Earl of Westmorland
(second husband)
1426 Second cousins once removed Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby
Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex Isabel of Cambridge Second cousins Edward III of England
Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March Lady Anne Stafford Second cousins Edward III of England
John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk Eleanor Bourchier Second cousins once removed Edward III of England
Lady Katherine Neville John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk
(first husband)
12 January 1411 Fourth cousins Edward I of England
Giovanni dalle Bande Nere Maria Salviati 15 November 1516 Third cousins once removed Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici
Laudomia de' Medici Piero Strozzi 1539 Fourth cousins once removed Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici
Laudomia de' Medici Alamanno Salviati Fourth cousins Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici
Maddalena de' Medici Roberto Strozzi Fourth cousins once removed Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici
Lady Catherine Grey Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford
(second husband)
Hertford House, Canon Row, London, c. 27 November 1560 Sixth cousins once removed Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster
Lady Jane Grey Lord Guildford Dudley Durham House, London, 21 May 1553 Third cousins once removed Elizabeth Ferrers, 6th Baroness Ferrers of Groby
William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire Lady Blanche Georgiana Howard 6 August 1829 Second cousins William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire and Charlotte Boyle, 6th Baroness Clifford
Isabella Appiani, Princess of Piombino Paolo Giordano II Orsini, Duke of Bracciano
(second husband)
Rome, 1622 Third cousins Jacopo Salviati
William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster Maud of Lancaster before 16 November 1327 Third cousins once removed Henry III of England
Lady Louisa Spencer-Churchill
(daughter of George Spencer-Churchill, 6th Duke of Marlborough)
The Hon. Robert Spencer
(son of Francis Spencer, 1st Baron Churchill)
4 July 1845 First cousins once removed George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough

Commoners

[edit]
Bach
von Braun
Darwin
Einstein
Jón
Lewis
Malthus
File:Otomonoyakamochi.jpg
Ōtomo no Yakamochi
Poe
Prus
Rachmaninoff
Roosevelt
Stravinsky
Wells

A

B

C

D

  • Alfred I. du Pont, great-grandson of DuPont founder and his cousin-by-marriage, Bessie Gardner, as well as his second cousin, Alicia Bradford Maddox[12]

E

  • William Ellery, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and his first cousin once removed, Abigail Cary[13]

F

G

Biographies - Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Gale Group. Retrieved 3-13-2008.</ref>

H

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

V

  1. ^ Ask a Geneticist - Understanding Genetics: Human Health and the Genome - (by Dr. Erin Cline Davis, 23andMe Edited by Dr. DB Starr, Stanford University (October 10, 2008) [unreliable source?]
  2. ^ Both were great-grandchildren of the Jiaqing Emperor
  3. ^ Both were great-grandchildren of General Dugu Xin
  4. ^ Both were great-grandchildren of Wu Shihuo, Duke Ding of Ying. Princess Anle was the granddaughter of Wu Shihuo's second daughter Empress Wu Zetian, while Wu Chongxun was the grandson of Wu Shihuo's elder son Wu Yuanqing.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference autogenerated1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Second son of Wu Zetian's nephew Wu Chengsi, Prince Xuan of Wei.
  7. ^ This Day in History in 1828, www.history.com. Retrieved 3-13-2008.
  8. ^ HOASM: Johann Sebastian Bach, Here of a Sunday Morning. Retrieved 3-13-2008.
  9. ^ Floride Bonneau Colhoun Calhoun (Mrs. John C. Calhoun), Clemson University. Retrieved 3-13-2008.
  10. ^ Jeanne Calment, World's Elder, Dies at 122, The New York Times. Retrieved 3-13-2008.
  11. ^ THREE GENERATIONS OF CARROLLS, Charles Carroll House. Retrieved 3-13-2008.
  12. ^ "Alfred I. duPont Papers" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-05-19.
  13. ^ Notable Kin: NEW HAMPSHIRE, RHODE ISLAND, AND CONSTITUTION SIGNERS[dead link], New England Historic Genealogical Society. Retrieved 3-13-2008.
  14. ^ Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2001). The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys: An American Saga. Simon and Schuster. pp.88-89.
  15. ^ Rudy Giuliani, nndb. Retrieved 3-13-2008.
  16. ^ Spalding, Frances. Duncan Grant: A Biography. Random House. ISBN 0712666400.
  17. ^ The Bloodlines of Statesment and Noblemen, Pat Roberts. Retrieved 3-13-2008.
  18. ^ Notable Kin - The Flowering of New England, Part Two: The Poets Bryant, Holmes, Longfellow, J.R. Lowell, and Whittier[dead link], Gary Boyd Roberts. Retrieved 3-13-2008.
  19. ^ Notable Kin: NEW HAMPSHIRE, RHODE ISLAND, AND CONSTITUTION SIGNERS[dead link], New England Historic and Genealogical Society. Retrieved 3-13-2008.
  20. ^ Myra Lewis-Williams Interview
  21. ^ The Straight Dope: What's wrong with cousins marrying?
  22. ^ Harvard's Unitarian Presidents - Abbott Lawrence Lowell, Katia Savchuk. Retrieved 3-13-2008.
  23. ^ Conversations with Maltus, Dr Suzanne Rickard. Retrieved 3-13-2008.
  24. ^ Mao's paternal grandmother and Luo's paternal grandfather were siblings
  25. ^ Morse Papers, Library of Congress. Retrieved 3-13-2008.
  26. ^ Outlines of English and American Literature, William J. Long. Retrieved 3-13-2008.
  27. ^ Tyszkiewicz, Teresa (1971). Bolesław Prus. Warsaw: Państwowe Zakłady Wydawnictw Szkolnych. pp. 28–30.
  28. ^ Biography of Sergei Rachmaninoff, Sonal Panse. Retrieved 3-13-2008.
  29. ^ Biography of Eleanor Roosevelt, FDR Library. Retrieved 3-13-2008.
  30. ^ The Wife Tells All, Time Magazine. Retrieved 3-13-2008.
  31. ^ Shogun and Samurai - Tales of Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Ieyasu, Okanoya Shigezane. Retrieved 3-13-2008.
  32. ^ Martin van Buren, The New Netherland Institute. Retrieved 3-13-2008.