Triplet oxygen

Triplet oxygen
Names
	IUPAC name Triplet oxygen
	Systematic IUPAC name Dioxidanediyl (substitutive); dioxygen(2•)(triplet) (additive)
Identifiers
CAS Number	7782-44-7 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image; Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:27140;
ChemSpider	952;
EC Number	231-956-9;
Gmelin Reference	492
KEGG	D00003 ;
MeSH	Oxygen
PubChem CID	977;
RTECS number	RS2060000;
UNII	S88TT14065 ;
UN number	1072
	InChI InChI=1S/O2/c1-2 Key: MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
	SMILES [O]#[O]; [O][O];
Properties
Chemical formula	O2
Molar mass	31.998 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colorless gas
Melting point	−218.2 °C; −360.7 °F; 55.0 K
Boiling point	−183.2 °C; −297.7 °F; 90.0 K
Structure
Molecular shape	Linear
Dipole moment	0 D
Thermochemistry
Std molar; entropy (S⦵298)	205.152 J K−1 mol−1
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	0 kJ mol−1
Pharmacology
ATC code	V03AN01 (WHO)
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H270
Precautionary statements	P220, P244, P370+P376, P403
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	0 0 1 OX
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Triplet oxygen, ³O₂, refers to the S = 1 electronic ground state of molecular oxygen (dioxygen). Molecules of triplet oxygen contain two unpaired electrons, making triplet oxygen an unusual example of a stable and commonly encountered diradical:^[2] it is more stable as a triplet than a singlet. According to molecular orbital theory, the electron configuration of triplet oxygen has two electrons occupying two π molecular orbitals (MOs) of equal energy (that is, degenerate MOs). In accordance with Hund's rules, they remain unpaired and spin-parallel, which accounts for the paramagnetism of molecular oxygen. These half-filled orbitals are antibonding in character, reducing the overall bond order of the molecule to 2 from the maximum value of 3 that would occur when these antibonding orbitals remain fully unoccupied, as in dinitrogen. The molecular term symbol for triplet oxygen is ³Σ⁻
_g.^[3]

Spin

The s = 1⁄2 spins of the two electrons in degenerate orbitals gives rise to 2 × 2 = 4 independent spin states in total. Exchange interaction splits these into a singlet state (total spin S = 0) and a set of 3 degenerate triplet states (S = 1). In agreement with Hund's rules, the triplet states are energetically more favorable, and correspond to the ground state of the molecule with a total electron spin of S = 1. Excitation to the S = 0 state results in much more reactive, metastable singlet oxygen.^[4]^[5]

Lewis structure

Because the molecule in its ground state has a non-zero spin magnetic moment, oxygen is paramagnetic; i.e., it can be attracted to the poles of a magnet. Thus, the Lewis structure O=O with all electrons in pairs does not accurately represent the nature of the bonding in molecular oxygen. However, the alternative structure •O–O• is also inadequate, since it implies single bond character, while the experimentally determined bond length of 121 pm^[6] is much shorter than the single bond in hydrogen peroxide (HO–OH) which has a length of 147.5 pm.^[7] This indicates that triplet oxygen has a higher bond order. Molecular orbital theory must be used to correctly account for the observed paramagnetism and short bond length simultaneously. Under a molecular orbital theory framework, the oxygen-oxygen bond in triplet dioxygen is better described as one full σ bond plus two π half-bonds, each half-bond accounted for by two-center three-electron (2c-3e) bonding, to give a net bond order of two (1+2×⁠1/2⁠), while also accounting for the spin state (S = 1). In the case of triplet dioxygen, each 2c-3e bond consists of two electrons in a π_u bonding orbital and one electron in a π_g antibonding orbital to give a net bond order contribution of ⁠1/2⁠.

The usual rules for constructing Lewis structures must be modified to accommodate molecules like triplet dioxygen or nitric oxide that contain 2c-3e bonds. There is no consensus in this regard; Pauling has suggested the use of three closely spaced collinear dots to represent the three-electron bond (see illustration).^[8]

Observation in liquid state

A common experimental way to observe the paramagnetism of dioxygen is to cool it down into the liquid phase. When poured between the poles of strong magnets that are close together the liquid oxygen can be suspended. Or a magnet can pull the stream of liquid oxygen as it is poured. The net magnetic moment of the total electron spin $S=1$ provides an explanation of these observations.

Reaction

The unusual electron configuration prevents molecular oxygen from reacting directly with many other molecules, which are often in the singlet state. Triplet oxygen will, however, readily react with molecules in a doublet state to form a new radical.

Conservation of spin quantum number would require a triplet transition state in a reaction of triplet oxygen with a closed shell (a molecule in a singlet state). The extra energy required is sufficient to prevent direct reaction at ambient temperatures with all but the most reactive substrates, e.g. white phosphorus. At higher temperatures or in the presence of suitable catalysts the reaction proceeds more readily. For instance, most flammable substances are characterised by an autoignition temperature at which they will undergo combustion in air without an external flame or spark.

References

^ ^a ^b "Triplet Dioxygen (CHEBI:27140)". Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI). UK: European Bioinformatics Institute.
^ Borden, Weston Thatcher; Hoffmann, Roald; Stuyver, Thijs; Chen, Bo (2017). "Dioxygen: What Makes This Triplet Diradical Kinetically Persistent?". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 139 (26): 9010–9018. doi:10.1021/jacs.7b04232. PMID 28613073.
^ Atkins, Peter; De Paula, Julio; Friedman, Ronald (2009) Quanta, Matter, and Change: A Molecular Approach to Physical Chemistry, pp. 341–342, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0199206066, see [1]. accessed 11 August 2015.
^ Wulfsberg, Gary (2000). Inorganic Chemistry. Sausalito, CA: University Science Press. p. 879. ISBN 9781891389016.
^ Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2014). "States of Oxygen" (PDF). Principles of Inorganic Chemistry I.
^ Housecroft, Catherine E.; Sharpe, Alan G. (2005). Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Pearson Prentice-Hall. p. 438. ISBN 978-0130-39913-7.
^ Housecroft and Sharpe p.443
^ Maksic, Z. B.; Orville-Thomas, W. J. (1999). Pauling's Legacy: Modern Modelling of the Chemical Bond. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 455. ISBN 978-0444825087.

External sources

http://meta-synthesis.com/webbook/16_diradical/diradical.html^{[better source needed]}

[Triplet_Dioxygen_(CHEBI:27140)-1] "Triplet Dioxygen (CHEBI:27140)". Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI). UK: European Bioinformatics Institute.

[2] Borden, Weston Thatcher; Hoffmann, Roald; Stuyver, Thijs; Chen, Bo (2017). "Dioxygen: What Makes This Triplet Diradical Kinetically Persistent?". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 139 (26): 9010–9018. doi:10.1021/jacs.7b04232. PMID 28613073.

[3] Atkins, Peter; De Paula, Julio; Friedman, Ronald (2009) Quanta, Matter, and Change: A Molecular Approach to Physical Chemistry, pp. 341–342, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0199206066, see [1]. accessed 11 August 2015.

[4] Wulfsberg, Gary (2000). Inorganic Chemistry. Sausalito, CA: University Science Press. p. 879. ISBN 9781891389016.

[5] Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2014). "States of Oxygen" (PDF). Principles of Inorganic Chemistry I.

[6] Housecroft, Catherine E.; Sharpe, Alan G. (2005). Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Pearson Prentice-Hall. p. 438. ISBN 978-0130-39913-7.

[7] Housecroft and Sharpe p.443

[8] Maksic, Z. B.; Orville-Thomas, W. J. (1999). Pauling's Legacy: Modern Modelling of the Chemical Bond. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 455. ISBN 978-0444825087.

[1]