User:Gwlagerweij/Chulym
Work in progress on Chulym language
Morphology
[edit]Pronouns
[edit]-
Declension of personal pronouns (Middle Chulym)[1] Singular Plural 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd Nom men sen ol pis siler~sler~ser olar Gen me:ŋ se:ŋ a:nɯŋ~a:ŋ pistiŋ na olarnɯŋ Dat ma: sa: ana piske na olarga Acc meni~me:ne na a:nɯ pisti na olarnɯ Loc na na anda piste serde olarda Abl na na andɯn na na olardɯn Instr-Com me:ŋla se:ŋla a:nla na na na Dir na na anar~ara na na na -
Declension of personal pronouns (Küärik)[1] Singular Plural 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd Nom men sen ol pis sler~sɪler alar Gen menɪŋ~meŋ senɪŋ~seŋ anɯŋ pistɪŋ na alarnɯŋ Dat ma: sa: ana piske na alarɣa Acc menɪ senɪ anɯ pistɪ slernɪ alarnɯ Loc na na anda na na na Abl na senneŋ annaŋ~anaŋ pisteŋ na na Instr-Com menɪŋbɪleŋ na na na na alarbɯlaŋ Dir na na ana:r na na na -
Declension of personal pronouns (Lower Chulym)[1] Singular Plural 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd Nom men sen ol pis siler~sler olar Gen me:ŋ se:ŋ anɯŋ~a:nɯŋ pistiŋ slerniŋ olarnɯŋ Dat ma:~ma sa: aɣa piske slerge olarɣa Acc meni seni anɯ~a:nɯ pisti slerni olarnɯ Loc mende sende anda piste slerde olarda Abl mendin sendin andɯn pistin slerdin olardɯn Instr-Com meŋvele~meŋmele seŋvele anɯŋvъla~anɯŋvɯla pistiŋvele slarniŋvele olarnɯŋvъla Dir na na ere na na na
Note ^na Not attested
Aktionsart
[edit]Like many other Turkic languages, Chulym expresses aktionsart through auxilliary verbs. Polyverbal constructions with actionable characteristics can express "state" (S), "process" (P), "entering a state" (EP), "entering a process" (EP) and "multiplicative process" (MP). This is recognized as universal in Turkic languages. S, P, ES and EP reflect episodic actions, whereas MP are habitual. ES and EP only seem to occur in the perfective aspect, while the others occur in both perfective and imperfective.[2]
The analysis presented by Lemskaya (2012) uses the perfective past tense in -(G)A(n), and the imperfective present tense in -(I)b(I)l(X), -AdI and -(Ip)tIr.
| Aux. Verb | Gloss | Aktionsart | Aspect | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MC | LC | Perfective | Imperfective | ||
| al- | to take | ES | MP (Melet) | Reflexive benefactive (SBEN); Sudden entry into a state (PNCT) | |
| tʃat- | jat- | to lie down | S, P (LC) | S, P (MC) | Durative (DUR) |
| tʃør- | jør- | to walk | ES (LC), P (Tutal) | P, MP (Melet) | Iterative durative (DUR.ITER) |
| ɯs- | ɯj- | to send | ES, EP (MC) | S (Melet) | Inchoative (INCH) |
| kal- | to remain | ES, EP (LC, Tutal) | - | Resultative (RES) | |
| kɛl- | to arrive | ES (Melet) | - | Purposive (PURP) | |
| kør- | to see | EP (Tutal) | P (Tutal) | Conative (CON) | |
| olur- | ot- | to sit | S (LC) | S (LC), P (Melet) | Progressive (PROG) |
| par- | to leave | ES | S, P (LC) | Durative (DUR) | |
| pɛr- | to give | ES, EP (LC) | P (LC) | Inchoative (INCH) | |
| sal- | to place | ES | P (LC, Tutal) | Telic (TEL) | |
| tur- | to stand | S (LC), P (Melet) | S (LC), P (Melet) | Delimitative (DLMT) | |
Phonology according to Dul'zon
[edit]This phonology is adapted from Dul'zon[3].
Consonants
[edit]| Bilabial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | /p/, /b/ | /t/, /d/ | /k/, /g/ | /q/ | /ʔ/ | ||
| Fricative | /β/ | /s/, /z/ | /ʃ/, /ʒ/ | /ç/ | /x/, /ɣ/ | ||
| Affricate | /t͡s/, /d͡z/ | ||||||
| Nasal | /m̥/, /m/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | ||||
| Trill | /r̥/, /r/ | ||||||
| Approximant | /l̥/, /l/ | /j/ |
/q/ is an allophone of /k/ in back-vowel words.
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | /i/ | /ʏ/ | /ɨ/ | /u/ | ||
| Mid | /e/ | /ø/ | /ə/ | /ɵ/ | /o/ | |
| Open | /ɛ/ | /a/ | /ɑ/ | |||
All vowels other than the mid-central vowels have long versions.
Phonology according to Pomorska
[edit]This phonology is taken from Pomorska[1].
Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | /p/, /b/ | /t/, /d/, /t'/ (LC) | /k/, /g/ | ||
| Fricative | /v/ | /s/, /z/ | /ʃ/, /ʒ/ | /h/, /ɣ/ | |
| Affricate | /t͡s/, /d͡z/ (LC) | /ç/, /ʝ/ (MC) | |||
| Nasal | /m/ | /n/, /n'/ (MC, K) | /ŋ/ | ||
| Liquid | /l/, /r/ | ||||
| Glide | /j/ |
/q/ is an allophone of /k/ in back-vowel words. /h/ is only found medially and finally, it is the result of secondary spirantization. The phonetic value of /v/ is uncertain.
MC = Middle Chulym, LC = Lower Chulym, K = Küärik.
Vowels
[edit]This is dubious and seems to be missing some vowels (e.g. /ɛ/, which are almost certainly present).
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| UR | R | UR | R | |
| High | /i/ | /y/ | /ɯ/ | /u/ |
| Low | /e/ | /ø/ | /a/ | /o/ |
| Reduced | /ɪ/ | // | // | // |
Long vowels may be found in any part of the word. In some cases, the long vowels coincide with Old Turkic long vowels. Otherwise, they can result from secondary contraction due to loss of a consonant like ɣ, y, n, ŋ, b, l, etc.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Pomorska, Marzanna (2001). "The Chulyms and Their Language. An Attempt at a Description of Chulym Phonetics and Nominal Morphology". Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları. 11: 75–123.
- ^ Лемская, В. М. (October 2012). "Акциональность в Чулымско-Тюркском Языке (в Типологической Перспективе)". Вестник ТГПУ (in Russian). 125: 98–103.
- ^ Dul'zon, A. P. (1966). "Čulymsko-tjurkskij jazyk". Jazyki narodov SSSR (in Russian). 2: 446–466.