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Carbon, ₆C
	Graphite (left) and diamond (right), two allotropes of carbon
Carbon
Allotropes	graphite, diamond and more (see Allotropes of carbon)
Appearance	graphite: black, metallic-looking; diamond: clear;
Standard atomic weight Ar°(C)
	[12.0096, 12.0116]; 12.011±0.002 (abridged);
Carbon in the periodic table
	boron ← carbon → nitrogen
Atomic number (Z)	6
Group	group 14 (carbon group)
Period	period 2
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[He] 2s2 2p2
Electrons per shell	2, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Sublimation point	3915 K (3642 °C, 6588 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	graphite: 2.266 g/cm3 ; diamond: 3.515 g/cm3 ; amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3
Triple point	4600 K, 10,800 kPa
Heat of fusion	graphite: 117 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	graphite: 8.517 J/(mol·K) ; diamond: 6.155 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	common: −4, +4; −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.55
Ionization energies	1st: 1086.5 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 2352.6 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 4620.5 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Covalent radius	sp3: 77 pm; sp2: 73 pm; sp: 69 pm
Van der Waals radius	170 pm
	Spectral lines of carbon
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	graphite: simple hexagonal (hP4)
Lattice constants	a = 246.14 pm; c = 670.94 pm; (at 20 °C)
Crystal structure	diamond: face-centered diamond-cubic (cF8)
Lattice constant	a = 356.707 pm; (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	diamond: 0.8 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	graphite: 119–165 W/(m⋅K) ; diamond: 900–2300 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	graphite: 7.837 µΩ⋅m
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	diamond: −5.9×10−6 cm3/mol
Young's modulus	diamond: 1050 GPa
Shear modulus	diamond: 478 GPa
Bulk modulus	diamond: 442 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	diamond: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio	diamond: 0.1
Mohs hardness	graphite: 1–2 ; diamond: 10
CAS Number	atomic carbon: 7440-44-0; graphite: 7782-42-5; diamond: 7782-40-3;
History
Discovery	Egyptians and Sumerians (3750 BCE)
Recognized as an element by	Antoine Lavoisier (1789)
Isotopes of carbon v; e;
	Category: Carbon; view; talk; edit; \| references

^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Carbon". CIAAW. 2009.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ ^a ^b ^c Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
^ Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357–361. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.
^ Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115–1142. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database
^ "Material Properties- Misc Materials". www.nde-ed.org. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
^ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.
^ "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
^ Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. Retrieved 2007-11-24.

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Carbon". CIAAW. 2009.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Arblaster_2018-3] Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[CRC-4] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[triple2-5] Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357–361. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.

[triple3-6] Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115–1142. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.

[GE28-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[ioffe-8] Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database

[9] "Material Properties- Misc Materials". www.nde-ed.org. Retrieved 12 November 2016.

[10] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.

[11] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.

[12] "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. Retrieved 2008-09-12.

[13] Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. Retrieved 2007-11-24.

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