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Home > Web Development > Front End Web Development > Getting Started with hapi.js
Getting Started with hapi.js
Getting Started with hapi.js

Getting Started with hapi.js: Build well-structured, testable applications and APIs using hapi.js

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Getting Started with hapi.js

Chapter 2. Adding Functionality by Routing Requests

In the last chapter, we saw what a sample route looks like in both vanilla Node and hapi, and how hapi is more configuration-oriented in its routing definition. In this chapter, I will expand on how hapi handles routing, making it easy to add routes in a scalable manner while being able to avoid making unnecessary mistakes. If you haven't got much experience with building web servers, this chapter will also be a good foundation in routing, covering the following topics:

  • Adding and configuring routes in hapi
  • The hapi routing algorithm
  • The hapi request life cycle
  • The hapi request object
  • The reply interface
  • Serving static files
  • Using templating engines to serve view

By the end of this chapter, you will have the tools that you need to be able to create a JSON API, a static file server, and a fully functional website using a templating library. You will also be shown some patterns to simplify less trivial requests, so the control flow...

Server routing

There are many ways to interpret a route in terms of web servers, but the easiest (or what I like to think of them as) one is the path that interacts with a particular resource on a web server. In most frameworks, including hapi, a route comprises three core properties:

  • the path through which you can access the route
  • a method by which you can access the path
  • a handler, which is a function to take an action based on the request and return the output to the user

In hapi, the handler looks like the following:

…
server.route({
  method: 'GET',
  path: '/',
  handler: function (request, reply) {
    return reply('Hello!');
  }
});
…

The preceding code should look familiar to the code sample of our server from the previous chapter. Again, like everything in hapi, we add a route by providing a configuration object with the required route properties. If any required properties are missing, the server will show an error on startup with a detailed...

hapi routing algorithm

After learning about hapi's server.route() API and configuration object, you may have found yourself curious as to how is it possible to add all these routes, in a manner that allows to you to keep your codebase manageable. You may have the following questions in mind:

  • Is it possible to have a route conflict?
  • How are routes prioritized and mapped to a request?
  • Is the order in which we register a route relevant?

Don't worry if you didn't have these questions, you'll have them soon enough. But let's answer them now.

hapi is one of the few frameworks in Node that have deterministic routing. Each request can only map to one route, and its routing table will be the same every time you start the server. This was one of the things that appealed to me initially, when I started working with Node and was researching Node frameworks in depth. As the application size and teams grow, routing conflicts become more of a concern, and I wanted to future-proof my...

hapi request life cycle

After adding a few simple routes to your server, you will eventually come to the point where you need to add things like authentication, authorization, and have other use cases that need to be solved before your handler is ever reached. There are multiple approaches to this, such as creating a function to check authentication credentials, another for assigning authorization tokens that are called when every request is received initially by the handler. You could do this in the route prerequisites mentioned previously. However, if you forget to add these to a single route, or had something executed before your authentication function is called, you've left yourself open to secure data being accessible to unauthenticated users.

The approach which hapi uses to solve this is to have a well-defined request life cycle, with a reliable series of events that happen on every request. This gives you a fairly granular control over a request in an easy-to-extend and readable...

hapi request object

In hapi, the goal is never to monkey-patch or modify any of the normal Node objects or methods, but only to provide an extra layer around them to access the important parts.

Note

Monkey patching is the method of overriding or extending the behavior of a method. For example, let's create an add function that returns the sum of two numbers:

let add = function (a, b) {
  return a + b;
}

We now want to log in to the console every time this is called, without altering the existing behavior. We would modify it by doing the following:

let oldAdd = add;
add = function (a, b) {
  console.log('add was called…');
  return oldAdd(a, b);
}

Now every time add is called, it will print add was called…, and return the sum just as before. This can be useful in modifying core language methods, but is not a recommended pattern, as it can cause very hard-to-debug side effects. I generally limit doing this to writing tests or debugging code.

This is the case with the...

The reply interface

In the various life cycle events in hapi, such as authentication, route handlers, route prerequisites, you will see reply as one of the function arguments. This is the reply interface.

Throughout this book and the API documentation, you will see the function reply in two forms—either as reply() or as reply.continue()—which have two different purposes. reply.continue() is generally used to return the control flow back to the framework and continue through the request life cycle, whereas reply() is generally used to generate the response to be returned to the client. The only exception to this is inside the route prerequisites where reply() is used, as it assigns a variable to the request.pre object.

reply() can accept two parameters (error and response), but this is rarely used, as reply always acts on the first defined parameter that it is passed in. For example, if reply() is passed two variables and the first one is not null, it treats this as an error...

Serving static files with inert

inert (https://github.com/hapijs/inert) is the static file and directory handler module for hapi. It provides a lot of useful utilities for simplifying serving static content. Let's look at one of those now:

const Path = require('path');
const Hapi = require('hapi');
const Inert = require('inert');                    // [1]
const server = new Hapi.Server();
server.connection({ port: 3000 });
server.register(Inert, (err) => {                  // [2]
  server.route({
    method: 'GET',
    path: '/{param*}',
    handler: {                                     // [3]
      directory: {                                 // [3]
        path: Path.join(__dirname, 'public'),      // [3]
        listing: true                              // [3]
      }                                            // [3]
    }                                              // [3]
  });
  server.start((err) => {
    console...

Server routing

There are many ways to interpret a route in terms of web servers, but the easiest (or what I like to think of them as) one is the path that interacts with a particular resource on a web server. In most frameworks, including hapi, a route comprises three core properties:

  • the path through which you can access the route

  • a method by which you can access the path

  • a handler, which is a function to take an action based on the request and return the output to the user

In hapi, the handler looks like the following:

…
server.route({
  method: 'GET',
  path: '/',
  handler: function (request, reply) {
    return reply('Hello!');
  }
});
…

The preceding code should look familiar to the code sample of our server from the previous chapter. Again, like everything in hapi, we add a route by providing a configuration object with the required route properties. If any required properties are missing, the server will show an error on startup with a detailed error message, thus making it very easy to...

hapi routing algorithm

After learning about hapi's server.route() API and configuration object, you may have found yourself curious as to how is it possible to add all these routes, in a manner that allows to you to keep your codebase manageable. You may have the following questions in mind:

  • Is it possible to have a route conflict?

  • How are routes prioritized and mapped to a request?

  • Is the order in which we register a route relevant?

Don't worry if you didn't have these questions, you'll have them soon enough. But let's answer them now.

hapi is one of the few frameworks in Node that have deterministic routing. Each request can only map to one route, and its routing table will be the same every time you start the server. This was one of the things that appealed to me initially, when I started working with Node and was researching Node frameworks in depth. As the application size and teams grow, routing conflicts become more of a concern, and I wanted to future-proof my work by starting with a...

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Key benefits

  • With the help of this book, you will improve your productivity as a developer and that of your team by focusing on business logic utilizing the structure that Hapi.js provides
  • You will be introduced to a real-world problem and we’ll demonstrate how to use the tools Hapi provides to resolve it
  • This is the only book with a learn-by-example approach

Description

This book will introduce hapi.js and walk you through the creation of your first working application using the out-of-the-box features hapi.js provides. Packed with real-world problems and examples, this book introduces some of the basic concepts of hapi.js and Node.js and takes you through the typical journey you'll face when developing an application. Starting with easier concepts such as routing requests, building APIs serving JSON, using templates to build websites and applications, and connecting databases, we then move on to more complex problems such as authentication, model validation, caching, and techniques for structuring your codebase to scale gracefully. You will also develop skills to ensure your application's reliability through testing, code coverage, and logging. By the end of this book, you'll be equipped with all the skills you need to build your first fully featured application. This book will be invaluable if you are investigating Node.js frameworks or planning on using hapi.js in your next project.

Who is this book for?

If you are a JavaScript developer with or without Node.js experience and would like to learn to build applications, APIs, and web servers with the best-in-class framework hapi.js, this book is perfect for you.

What you will learn

  • ? Increase your productivity by taking advantage of the out-of-the-box features hapi.js provides
  • ? Build secure API servers
  • ? Create websites and applications using your favorite templating language
  • ? Leverage hapi.js plugins to better structure your codebase
  • ? Simplify your security workflows with the built-in authentication and authorization
  • functionality of hapi.js
  • ? Ensure application reliability with testing and code coverage
  • ? Reduce code complexity using reusable validation logic with joi
  • ? Gather insight into your application performance via logging
  • ? Start the journey to building robust production-ready applications
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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Apr 12, 2016
Length: 156 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785888182
Category :
Web Development
Languages :
JavaScript
Concepts :
Front End Web Development

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Length: 156 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785888182
Category :
Web Development
Languages :
JavaScript
Concepts :
Front End Web Development

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Table of Contents

8 Chapters
1. Introducing hapi.js Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. Introducing hapi.js
Node.js – a prerequisite to learning hapi.js
The hapi philosophy versus other frameworks
Creating our first hapi.js server
Summary
2. Adding Functionality by Routing Requests Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Adding Functionality by Routing Requests
Server routing
hapi routing algorithm
hapi request life cycle
hapi request object
The reply interface
Serving static files with inert
Serving templates with vision
Summary
3. Structuring Your Codebase with Plugins Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Structuring Your Codebase with Plugins
Structuring applications
hapi plugins
Exposing and consuming plugins
The hapi plugin ecosystem
Composing applications from plugins
Summary
4. Adding Tests and the Importance of 100% Code Coverage Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Adding Tests and the Importance of 100% Code Coverage
Why is the importance of testing overlooked?
The benefits and importance of testing code
Introducing hapi's testing utilities
Testing hapi applications with lab
Summary
5. Securing Applications with Authentication and Authorization Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Securing Applications with Authentication and Authorization
Authentication
Authorization
Summary
6. The joi of Reusable Validation Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. The joi of Reusable Validation
An introduction to validation
Introduction to joi
Validating hapi routes with joi
Documentation generation
Summary
7. Making Your Application Production Ready Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Making Your Application Production Ready
Persisting data
Introducing caching
Introducing logging
Debugging applications
General production advice
Further learning
Summary
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index

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About the author

Profile icon Brett
Brett
John Brett is a software engineer passionate about new technologies, open source, and building useful software while travelling the world. Starting out in Ireland with a degree in Computer Science and Software Engineer, he went on to join IBM through their premier internship Extreme Blue, later working on collaboration software as part of IBM's Software Group. There, John mainly worked with PHP and JavaScript, only working with Node.js in his spare time. Later in his career, John moved to a growing SAAS company called D4H Technologies. As a lead engineer there, he developed tools to aid emergency response teams globally, all from a lighthouse in Dublin, Ireland. Here, John got more exposure to Node.js, leading D4H's first venture into Node using hapi.js, later joining the hapi.js core team
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  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela