Appendix:Proto-Salishan reconstructions
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Proto-Salishan reconstructions:[1]
Kuipers (2002)
[edit]| English gloss | Proto-Salish | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| to be outside | *ʔacq | |
| to go outside | *ʔucq | |
| to roast, bake | *ʔacaʔqʷ | |
| to cover with a blanket, dress | *ʔic’am | |
| blanket, clothing, covering | *s(ʔ)ic’am | |
| to be alive, move the body | *ʔal | (w. suff. hand: to work) |
| to gather | *ʔul, *ʔuy I | |
| unid. plant. | *ʔi/alk | |
| turtle | *ʔalasik | |
| to eat | *ʔił(t)n | |
| to enter | *ʔuł-(t)xʷ | |
| to feed, food; to provide, deliver | *ʔu/am, m- | |
| grandchild | *ʔimac | |
| to sit; to be at home | *ʔamut, *mut | |
| to name, call | *ʔumat | |
| magpie | *ʔạn | (red.) |
| say what?/something | *ʔinwat, *ʔinwa-n- | |
| to eat | *ʔup | |
| ten | *ʔupan, *pan | |
| tail | *s-up-s, *s-up-aʔ | |
| to lift up | *ʔapxʷ, *xʷəp | |
| to wipe | *ʔap’ | |
| to scrape, shave, sweep, rub, pass net through water | *ʔi/aq’ʷ | |
| (younger) sibling, cousin | *ʔuq’ʷay | |
| to dive | *ʔus, *ʔisuʔ | |
| egg; berry | *ʔus(-aʔ) | |
| throat, breath, (voice, song) | *ʔask’ay’ | |
| two | *ʔəsal(i/a) | |
| to sleep | *ʔit | |
| to follow | *ʔaw I | |
| (land-, rock-, snow)slide | *ʔaxʷ | |
| to freeze | *ʔuxʷ | |
| some, different | *ʔi/axʷəl | |
| baby, child | *s-ʔixʷal | |
| to throw (away) | *ʔi/ax̆ʷ I | |
| to sweep | *ʔi/ax̆ʷ II | |
| seine, fishing net | *ʔax̆ʷ-ayan | |
| net, (fish)trap | *ʔ-ayan | |
| to cough | *ʔəx̆ʷu | |
| clam, mussel | *ʔáx̆ʷaʔ | |
| to (ex)change, barter, pay; meet | *ʔay | |
| crab, crayfish | ̈*ʔaʔyx̆, *c’a/uʔyx̆ | |
| to call, howl | *ʔaʕʷ, *ʔaw | |
| to adze, whittle, carve | *cək | |
| mother-in-law | *cak | |
| woodtick | *ck’aln | |
| rib | *ck’ałp | |
| to pull (out), drag | *cəkʷ, *cək’ʷ I | |
| to be all there is (left) | *cukʷ | |
| straight(en), stiff | *cək’ʷ II, *c’ək’ʷ | |
| five | *cil | (w. suff. *-ak-is(t) hand) |
| fish, food | *ciłn | |
| small; children | *ci(m) | |
| eyebrow, eyelash | *cəpł | |
| pithouse, cellar | *cip(wn) | |
| cover (a cellar) w. dirt | *pwan | |
| to be in position, stand; tree | *cəq | |
| lie on the back | *cq-al- | |
| to dig, stab | *ciq | |
| to begin, set out | *cəqʷ/*qʷəc | |
| to point, show, display behavior; say, order, think, intend, try, want | *cəw, *cu(-t, ł, -n) | |
| fisher (zool.) | *cíx-ups | |
| be glad, happy, enjoy | *caxʷ | |
| waterfall, mountain stream | *cix̆ʷ | |
| blood | *cay | |
| to bleed | *ciʕʷ | |
| to bleed, red | *ci/aqʷ | |
| to reach for, stick out; fringe, stripe | *caʕʷ, *caw | |
| loot from raid, game bagged | *c’iʔ | |
| fir or pine cone, acorn, nut | *s-c’ik’/k | |
| elderberry | *c’ikʷ | |
| left side | *c’ikʷaʔ | |
| light, bright | *c’ak’ʷ | |
| to stand; (a stand of) trees, rushes | *c’əl | |
| cricket, grasshopper | *c’ạl | |
| shade, shadow; outline, similar; shelter | *c’i/al | |
| to hurt, smart; cold; tart, bitter, sour, salty | *c’ụ/ạl | |
| shiny, oily, wet | *c’ạl(s) | |
| sharp pointed | *c’əm | |
| to suck | *c’ụ/ạm | |
| bone | *s-c’ụ/ạm | |
| disappear, wear away | *c’əmx̆ | |
| bullhead | *s-c’nay’ | |
| skunk | *s-c’ipəq | |
| cedar root | *c’apaʔx̆ | |
| to squeeze (shut), pinch | *c’ip’ | |
| to hit | *c’əq’, *cəq’ | |
| throw away, discard | *c’/cəq’-min | |
| to suck | *c’uqʷ | |
| pipe | *c’qʷuʔ-(c-)tn | |
| to rattle, hit | *c’ə̣s | |
| hail (IS) | *s-c’əs-l-us-aʔ | |
| to cut off (esp. limb of animal) | *c’əw’ | |
| to pull out | *c’aw’ | |
| salmon sp. | *c’wan | |
| osprey, fishhawk | *c’ixʷ-c’ixʷ | |
| prickly, stinging; burn, fry; cold | *c’ix̆ | |
| to resound | *c’ay | |
| sapsucker, flicker, woodpecker | *c’yaqʷ/*c’qʷay/*c’k’ʷəy | |
| fireweed | *c’a/uyx̆ | |
| poison, rattlesnake | *c’əʕ-tin | |
| to wash, clean | *c’aʕʷ/w | |
| sore | *c’uʕʷ | |
| humpback salmon | *hənəw/y | |
| to yawn | *haw | |
| rat | *haw’it | |
| to quiet down | *hay | |
| to cease, finish | *huy, *wiʔ (< *hwəy’) | |
| to play | *s-(h)ayas | |
| to go after, follow, chase | *kal | |
| to delouse | *kalk | |
| hand | *kalax | |
| muskrat | *kəlaxʷ | |
| to be detached, come off/apart, separate | *kəł | |
| to give | *kał | |
| three | *kaʔłas | |
| to carry (CS on the back) | *kəm’ | |
| to touch, hold, keep steady; hit | *kən | |
| to do; do what? do something; (be) where, how? | *ka(n) | |
| salmon (species) | *kanaxʷ | |
| spring/silver salmon | *kasəw’/kəw’s | (inv.) |
| berry sp. | *s-kətuxʷ | |
| relative through marriage (mostly of, to or through female) | *kaw I | |
| down, downhill area (beach, lakeshore) | *kaw II | |
| far (out on the water/prairie) | *kaw III | |
| mother, elder sister | *kíx(-aʔ) | |
| grandmother | *kay(-aʔ) | |
| to cross, put across e.o. | *k’əc’ I | |
| mosquito, gnat, bug | *k’əc’ II | |
| near | *k’ih, k’i-t | |
| to cut (esp. skin), rip | *k’ə̣l | |
| coyote | *s-n-k’əl(ap) | |
| treebark | *k’əl(-ay’) | |
| to listen to, attend, wait | *k’al | |
| to drip; rain, mud | *k’ə̣ł | |
| maggot, mite | *k’ałuʔ | |
| to grab a handful; squeeze, bite | *k’əm | |
| almost, near | *k’i/aməl | |
| (cover of) conifer needles (on ground) | *k’amu/a(maʔ) | |
| snake | *s-k’ínk’ʷu | |
| to clasp (together), encircle, squeeze | *k’ənp’ | |
| to break, crush, gouge out | *k’əpxʷ | |
| to squeeze, pinch | *k’ip’ | |
| hold by squeezing (w. tongs, clip, under the arm) | *c’ip’, *k’ənp’ | |
| bad | *k’is | |
| neck | *k’əspan | |
| nits | *(k’ə)st/t’an’ | |
| old, decrepit | *k’aw I | |
| to go up, ascend | *k’i/aw II | |
| cold (season) | *k’ay | |
| to dry out, wither | *k’ay’ | |
| dry | *k’ay’-xʷ | |
| (to) name | *kʷac, *kʷast | |
| warm | *kʷəl | |
| green, yellow | *kʷə̣l | |
| to borrow | *kʷul | |
| spirit power | *kʷəlx | |
| lump, heap | *kʷ/qʷəm | |
| to go up/ashore, inland | *kʷum | |
| save | *kʷum | |
| to take | *kʷan | |
| to push together, stuff | *kʷ/qʷup | |
| elder | *kʷup-i/aʔ | |
| dusk | *kʷas | |
| star | *kʷusən | |
| eel | *kʷutwal/n | |
| groundhog, marmot, whistler | *s-kʷ/qʷəy | (red.) |
| squirrel | *s-kʷayu | |
| child, offspring | *s-kʷuy-aʔ | |
| to chew, SIS to bite | *k’ʷaʔ | |
| skin, feather, quill (porcupine) | *k’ʷəl’ | |
| stomach, belly | *k’ʷal | |
| to bend, twist | *k’ʷə̣l(c’), *k’ʷə̣c’ | |
| to inspect (try out, aim at) | *k’ʷan | |
| how many?; several | *k’ʷin | |
| straight | *k’ʷəp | |
| bar, rod | *k’ʷup’ | |
| scream, bellow, weep | *k’ʷaq’-t | |
| hot, to scorch | *k’ʷas | |
| flea | *k’ʷət’ | |
| mouse | *k’ʷat’an | |
| to hollow out; container | *k’ʷaxʷ I | |
| rat, mouse | *k’ʷaxʷ II | |
| frosty, grizzly | *k’ʷəy | |
| to suffer | *k’ʷay | |
| mother, aunt | *k’ʷuy | |
| good | *laʔ | |
| tight, crowded | *lu/ac’, *yu/ac’ | |
| to tie, bind | *lək’ | |
| to pluck, pull out | *lək’ʷ | |
| to sing | *lul | |
| (to make/go into) a hole | *ləpəxʷ/x̆ʷ | |
| to bend down (esp. treebranch), bend over, cover; skew | *li/ap’ | |
| to bury | *liq’ | |
| to come off (as skin, bark) | *ləw/ʕʷ | |
| to snare, catch | *law | |
| slime, slimy | *lix | |
| to shake, hurry | *lạxʷ, *xʷạl | |
| clear, bright, light; intelligence, mind | *li/ax̆ | |
| fringe | *caʕʷ | |
| to laugh | *lax̆ʷ/x̆ʷay | |
| loose, free | *liʕʷ | |
| to melt, thaw, open up (of ice) | *li/aʕʷ | |
| to touch; close by | *łaʔ | |
| to sprinkle, spray, splash | *łi(-t, -c, -n, -t’, -l) | |
| to stab | *łuʔ | |
| worn out | *lək/q | |
| to cut, sever | *łik’ | |
| weasel | *łk’am | |
| to lap up, lick up; bail | *łu/akʷ/qʷ | |
| to hook up, spike, string (beads), pierce | *łik’ʷ | |
| to detach | *łim | |
| to eat soup | *łum’ | |
| soup | *s-łum’ | |
| to dwindle, go out (of fire); forget | *łap | |
| to blink | *łip | |
| hang folded (as blanket on clothesline) | *łəp’ | |
| to (cause to) land somewhere | *łaq | |
| to sit down | *łáq-ilx | |
| wide, to spread, stretch | *łəq’ I | |
| instruction, knowledge | *łəq’ II | |
| to go after, look for st. | *ƛ’ə | |
| to protrude, come (forth); long | *ƛ’ak/q | |
| spotted | *ƛ’əkʷ/qʷ | |
| shelter | *ƛ’ikʷ | |
| to stop, become motionless; dead, sick | *ƛ’i/al | |
| die, dead, motionless, lifeless, sg. | *ƛ’lal | |
| to grow, rise | *ƛ’uł | |
| to cut, chop; sharp | *ƛ’əm | |
| cedarbark basket | *ƛ’apat | |
| (to smoke) tobacco | *ƛ’aq’ʷ/*q’ʷuƛ’ | |
| to win, beat in game | *ƛ’əxʷ I | |
| cold (object); numb | *ƛ’əxʷ II | |
| fast, quick, swift | *ƛ’əx̆ | |
| grown up, old | *ƛ’ax̆ | |
| to go upstream | *ƛ’ax̆-ilx | |
| to want, desire; dear, difficult | *ƛ’əy’ | |
| (river-)canoe | *ƛ’ay’/*ƛ’yaʔ | |
| hard (substance) | *ƛ’əʕʷ | |
| fish weir | *muʔ | |
| blackcap (Rubus leucodermis) | *məckʷ | |
| to cheat, trick, lie | *məc’ | |
| pus, matter | *mə̣c’(-ụl) | (w. suff. *-qin: brain) |
| bee, wasp | *mə̣c’əp | |
| to cover (with blanket), wrap | *məkʷ(uʔ) | |
| to erase | *məl | |
| hemlock/balsam tree | *mə̣l | |
| (fish)bait | *mal(-aʔ) | |
| to cure (as shaman) | *mạl | |
| father’s brother | *s-mʔal | |
| to dip, sink, flood | *mul | |
| to twist, tangle, sprain | *mə̣lkʷ/qʷ | |
| to wrap up, collect into a whole; intact, complete | *məlk’ʷ | |
| to be aimless, lost; be pacified (child); forget | *mal(-q) | |
| naked | *malxʷ/x̆ʷ | |
| to rest | *mał | |
| woman | *s-mułac | |
| salmon; summer | *s-mł(ik) | |
| to mix, stir | *maƛ’ | |
| excrements | *mnak | |
| to smoke (tobacco) | *manəxʷ | |
| tobacco | *s-manəxʷ/x | |
| to swallow, eat one’s fill | *məq’ | |
| to pile up, lump | *məq’ʷ | |
| crane, heron | *s-məq’ʷ-aʔ | |
| four | *mus I | |
| to feel about, touch | *mus II | |
| kidney | *mət’ụs | |
| horse clam | *mat’ay/*t’amay | (IS > snail) |
| black bear | *mix̆ał | |
| a large feline or canine | *s-mɣaw | |
| shaman (power) | *s-naʔm | |
| one, another, (in derivatives: family, tribe) | *nak’ I, *nk’-uʔ | |
| to change, differ | *nak’ II | |
| to cut | *nik’ | |
| one | *naqas | |
| blow one’s nose | *nis | |
| marrow, fat, oil; wet | *nụ/ạs | |
| to run | *naw-ilx | |
| wind blows | *naw | |
| digging stick | *paci/aʔ | |
| leaf | *packl | |
| to spill, pour | *pəkʷ/qʷ | |
| thin, flat | *pal | |
| to scatter, smudge | *pi/al | |
| to tip over | *pul | |
| mouth, edge | *s-pl-ucin | |
| calf of leg, muscle | *s-pạl-mn | |
| to pierce | *pə̣l’kʷ/*pətkʷ | |
| skunk | *s-pəlan | |
| penis | *s-pəlq | |
| pierce, pop out | *pə̣lxʷ | |
| to put a spell on; to tell | *pəlax̆ | |
| thick (layer) | *pəł, *pł-u/ał | |
| to come, come to an end, come out (of the bush) | *puƛ’ | |
| time, period | *pan | |
| to find, get | *pu/an | |
| white, bright | *pəq | |
| to scatter; powder | *pəq’ʷ/k’ʷ | |
| small animal (bird, bug, worm) | *pisaʔ | |
| to boil, bubble | *pə̣t | |
| to arrange, line up, splice, spread | *pat | |
| to notice, think | *pit | |
| right, sufficient, exact, very | *put | |
| to spit | *pə(tə)x̆ʷ | |
| to blow, breathe, swell | *paw, *puh, *pu/axʷ | |
| to comb (out) | *pəx/*xəp | |
| to air | *pax | |
| faded, stale | *pəxʷ | |
| happy, joyful | *pəy | |
| bird | *s-pyu/aʔ | |
| to prod, knock, drum | *pəʕʷ/w | |
| to fart | *p’uʔ | |
| to spit | *p’əc’ | |
| hemp, string, fix with string, sew | *p’ac’ | |
| glitter, shine | *p’ik’ | |
| bobcat | *p’ək’m | |
| treebark | *p’alan’/y’ | |
| to overflow | *p’ịl | |
| flat; to lie down, pl. | *p’i/al | |
| to turn (around, over) | *p’əlk’/q’ | |
| smoke, fog, steam | *p’u/aƛ’ | |
| to darken by smoking; smoke color | *p’um | |
| green/mountain alder, vine maple, wormwood, juniper, rosebush, etc. | *p’u/an | |
| white, bright | *p’əq’ | |
| to bloom, flower | *p’aq’-m | |
| a shrub | *p’uqʷay | |
| flat | *p’əs | |
| lungs, heart | *p’us | |
| to crush, squeeze | *p’əsq’ʷ/k’ʷ | |
| to squeeze, press (grasp, push), squirt | *p’əy, *p’əh; *p’i-c’ | |
| ready, ripe, cooked | *p’ayaq | |
| spring (salmon) | *qal | |
| person | *qal-mixʷ | |
| beaver | *s-qəlaw’ | |
| offspring | *qaʔł/qahł | |
| to wake up, be awake | *qił | |
| soft, lukewarm, calm, gentle | *qəm I | |
| to ask for st. (esp. to get st. back) | *qəm II | |
| to nurse | *qam | |
| woman’s breast, milk | *s-qam | |
| a lump, ball, cluster | *qəmx̆ʷ | |
| to hear | *qan | |
| father’s mother, woman’s son’s child | *qanaʔ | |
| throat, gullet | *qənu/a(xʷ) | |
| breast, brisket | *s-qəp-min | |
| spring, summer, spring salmon | *(s-)qap(-c/s) | |
| to scratch, tickle | *qəs | |
| uncle | *qasa/iʔ | |
| (Indian) potato | *s-qawc | |
| dog | *s-qax̆aʔ | |
| to err, fancy, be drunk, crazy | ̽*qayx̆ | |
| to remain stuck in st., be wedged into st. | *q’aʔ | |
| to intertwine, braid, weave, (embrace, strangle) | *q’ac’ | |
| to spin, curl, wind/tie around | *q’əl | |
| to build a structure, raise a tent; to camp | *q’al/y | |
| to steam-cook | *q’əl | |
| take a sweatbath | *q’əl-ya | |
| sweatbath | *s-q’əl-ya | |
| day(light), sky | *q’ilt, *q’iyt | |
| round; fence, stockade, corral | *q’əlx̆, *q’lax̆ | |
| to heal up | *q’iƛ’ | |
| scar | *s-q’iƛ’ | |
| to swallow | *q’əm | |
| to be joined together, repaired, healed | *q’im | |
| firewood | *q’əp | |
| (hazel)nut | *q’ap’x̆ʷ/xʷ | |
| to be of (too) long duration | *q’əs | |
| to hoist up; fishhook; (deriv.) swing(-cradle) | *q’i/at’ | |
| bone | *q’awał | (red.) |
| stiffen, harden, freeze | *q’axʷ | |
| to doubt sb.’s power or words | *qəy | |
| an ungulate | *q’əyiʔək | |
| snail, slug | *q’(y)aƛ’an | |
| to stir, move | *’qəʕ | |
| water, to drink | *qʷuʔ, *ʔuqʷ, *qu/al | |
| to boil (food), cook | *qʷəl’ | |
| to speak, think | *qʷal | |
| to cheat | *qʷil | |
| conifer bough | *qʷalc | |
| edible tuber, bulb | *qʷlawl | |
| wasp (esp. yellowjacket), bee | *s-qʷuł | |
| birch | *qʷałin | |
| a plant (unid.) | *qʷən | |
| mosquito | *qʷan(im) | |
| (younger) sibling, nephew, niece; son | *qʷəs | |
| bovine | *qʷisp/t | |
| animal fat, grease | *qʷtał | |
| louse, lice | *qʷətíx̆aʔ | |
| blue, green; bruise | *qʷay | |
| to burp, belch | *q’ʷaʔ | |
| (other) side, half, companion | *q’ʷuʔ | |
| fat, stout | *q’ʷuc | |
| to wash, launder | *q’ʷəc’ I | |
| chipmunk | *q’ʷəc’ II | |
| full (CS of water) | *q’ʷac’ | |
| to scorch, (bum to) ashes, black; roast, ripe(n); berry | *q’ʷal/y | |
| crow, raven | *q’ʷlaq/q’a | |
| to shorten, pull/reel in | *q’ʷam | |
| (hair on) head; skull | *q’ʷum I | |
| top, high, pile, lump | *q’ʷum II | |
| bundle | *(s-)q’ʷsuʔ | |
| skinny | *q’ʷx̆ʷ | |
| to smoke (of fire), smoke color | *q’ʷax̆/x̆ʷ I | |
| claw, leg, foot, nail | *q’ʷax̆/x̆ʷ II | |
| to rock, shake, sway | *q’ʷəy | |
| to dance | *q’ʷəy-ilx | |
| (young or female) deer | *q’ʷay, *qʷal/y, *q’ʷəy-paʔ | (red.) |
| tail | *-upaʔ | |
| to be blown along, float with current | *suk’ʷ | |
| cedar (bark) | *suk’ʷam | |
| to spin, twist | *səl(-p) | |
| to smell, sniff | *sum’ | |
| daughter-in-law | *sapn | |
| to hit, club, whip | *səp’ | |
| to breathe | *sup’ | |
| come to end | *xʷət | |
| to split, crack | *səq | |
| to fly, jump; a gallinaceous bird | *saq’ʷ | |
| to strip off (skin or treebark) | *suq’ʷ | |
| winter, cold wind | *sutik | |
| to sniff | *si/ạt’ | |
| to whisper | *səw | |
| to ask | *saw | |
| to pour, spill | *sixʷ | |
| to recognize, identify, understand, know | *suxʷ | |
| to scrape | *sax̆ | |
| to move (from one place to another) | *six̆ | |
| friend, relative | *səy | |
| parent’s sibling | *siʔ | |
| grandparent | *si-l(aʔ) | |
| sound of voice(s) | *sạy | |
| to flow; wetness, dew | *səʕʷ, *səw | |
| to pet, stroke | *tac | |
| to be blocked, choked off | *təkʷ | |
| perceive | *takʷ I | |
| willow/ruffed grouse | *takʷ II | |
| to extend, stretch, untie; fathom | *tụ/ạl | |
| close relation (friend, husband, relative) | *tam | |
| what?, something | *s-tam | |
| to exert o.s. | *ti/am | |
| mother, aunt | *tum-aʔ | |
| dead; sleep, dream | *tumn | |
| man, warrior | *s-tu/amix | |
| world, nature, earth, river, animal, spirit | *tmixʷ | |
| cedar-root rope used for sewing up baskets | *s-tinəws | |
| sinew, muscle | *tinx | |
| to pound | *tup | |
| spider | *tupl’ | |
| to pin down, touch; obstruct | *təq | |
| to buy, sell | *taw I | |
| (small and) growing up, child, young person | *taw II | |
| to comb one’s hair | *təx | |
| to obtain, add to a store | *tixʷ | |
| kill game | *tixʷ-c’iʔ | |
| tongue | *tixʷc | |
| wrong, bitter | *tax̆ | |
| straight, just, settled | *təx̆ʷ | |
| chest | *tax̆ʷac | |
| to stoop, to go across | *tuy, *tiw | (inv.) |
| to prop up, support | *t’ək | |
| to bleed | *t’əkʷ | |
| to explode, burst open; slap, strike | *t’əkʷ/qʷ | |
| muddy (water) | *t’ik’ʷ/q’ʷ | |
| to slice, split, rip | *t’əl | |
| numb, tired | *t’al | |
| charm, medicine | *t’ul | |
| a type of deer | *s-t’ul | |
| highbush cranberry | *t’əls | |
| to cut | *t’əm | |
| (in name of) gooseberry | *t’am | |
| to suck | *t’um/*tum | |
| fur, animal hair (feathers) | *t’amin | |
| ear | *t’ani/aʔ | |
| dark | *t’əp I | |
| to tip over, fall | *t’əp II | |
| berry sp. (CS salalberry) | *t’aqaʔ | |
| to cross over; (in derivatives: six) | *t’aq’ | |
| to bathe, swim | *t’əqʷ | |
| to interweave | *t’əqʷaʔ | |
| to lick | *t’aqʷ | |
| to break | *t’aq’ʷ | |
| down feathers | *t’uq’ʷ | |
| thimbleberry | *s-t’aq’ʷm | |
| skin | *s-t’əwin | |
| to ladle | *t’ax, *xat’ | (inv.) |
| a plant (cattails, scouring rush) | *t’uxʷn, *t’unxʷ | (inv.) |
| to open up, branch out; six | *t’əx̆ | |
| to cry, holler | *wa(ʔ) | |
| cougar | *s-waʔ | |
| to pry loose, pick out; tease | *wac’ | |
| to bark (at) | *wu/ah | |
| to burn, shiny, bright | *wə̣l, *ʕʷəl | |
| iron, metal | *wəlim | |
| to tilt | *wal | (independent word in Ts only) |
| canoe | *wil | |
| horn, antler | *wa/inaʔw | |
| real, true | *wənaxʷ | |
| berry sp. | *wənaʔx̆ | |
| to undo, remove, take apart, open | *wiq’ | |
| both of a pair, mutual; two | *was | |
| high, above | *wis | |
| whoʔ, someone | *(s-)wat | |
| to pry/lever up; vomit | *wat’k/*watk’/*wat’k’ | |
| to be visible, revealed, public | *way | |
| to hang spread out; steep | *xạl, *xal | |
| to bite, gnaw, chop, cut | *xil | |
| to scorch, bake | *xəƛ’ | |
| both (sides) | *xəm | |
| other side, alter-ego, enemy | *xəm-an(-was) | |
| dry | *x/x̆am | |
| to lie flat | *xən | |
| rock, stone | *s-xanx | |
| to be stretched out, project | *xit’ | |
| to grow | *xaw | |
| trail | *xəwal | |
| fore, front, first | *xəyt | |
| light of weight | *xʷa | |
| to wipe, brush, smooth, clean, bathe | *xʷi/ak’ʷ, *xʷikʷ | |
| to pull (out) | *xʷuk’ʷ, *xʷukʷ | |
| to dig out, make a hollow, divert water | *xʷə̣l | |
| to turn, spin, drill, wrap around, round | *xʷul, *xəl | |
| firedrill | *xʷul- (i-)kʷup | |
| whirlwind | *xʷlakʷ | PIS |
| to be lonesome, pining (for) | *xʷəm | |
| to unfold, spread out (as blanket, arms) | *xʷap | |
| a night bird | *xʷup | |
| owl | *xʷiw, xupxup | |
| unhook, untangle | *xʷp’ | |
| to come to an end, be exhausted, all gone | *xʷət | |
| to whistle | *xʷiw | |
| to appear | *xʷəy | |
| alive, allright, alert | *xʷay/l | |
| fly, maggot, worm, ant | *xʷ/x̆ʷay-aʔ | |
| sacred, taboo, forbidden, impressive, smart, violent, etc. | *x̆aʔ I | |
| parent/child-in-law | *x̆aʔ II | |
| ready, completed | *x̆əc | |
| complete count; four | *x̆əʔuc | |
| wrinkle | *x̆ic’ | |
| log, stick, wood | *x̆əc’(-ay’) | |
| to bet | *x̆əc | IS |
| to think, remember, teach | *x̆ək | |
| to scratch, crunch | *x̆ik’ʷ | |
| to cover w. planks; board covering | *x̆əl | |
| puberty, menses | *x̆al-u-mix | |
| thus, like, similar | *x̆il, *ʔax̆il | |
| to turn, whirl, roll | *x̆ələq’/k’ | |
| to want; difficult | *x̆aƛ’ | |
| to cut, bite, gnaw | *x̆iƛ’ | |
| heavy | *x̆əm I | |
| weigh down, grab to hold | *x̆i/am | |
| bite | *x̆əm II | |
| (paternal) grandfather | *x̆apaʔ | |
| to envelop, wedge in | *x̆əq | |
| dry | *x̆aw | |
| (to make) war | *x̆əyl | |
| to break (as stick) | *x̆ʷəc’ | |
| defecate | *x̆ʷu/ic’ | |
| dipper (bird) | *x̆ʷəc’q’ʷ | |
| round, to roll | *x̆ʷələq’ʷ | |
| to break, cut | *x̆ʷəƛ’ | |
| mountain goat | *s-x̆ʷiƛ’ay | |
| to buzz, hum; (red.) hummingbird | *x̆ʷən | |
| to grind, rasp; snore | *x̆ʷu/aq’ʷ | |
| to foam | *x̆ʷus | |
| soapberry | *s-x̆ʷus-m | |
| to perish pl., disappear | *x̆ʷay | |
| prefix or stem for derivation with somatic suffixes | *yə- | |
| to rub, soften by rubbing | *yac | |
| fall (as tree) | *yik | |
| to roll, turn over; round | *yə̣l, *yul, *həyl | |
| to burn | *yụ/ạl | |
| watertight basket, woven dish | *s-yạlt | |
| to descend, go home from stay in mountains | *yaƛ’ | |
| to rub | *yuƛ’ | |
| bird’s nest | *yman | |
| driftwood | *yan(u)c | |
| to file, whet | *yəq’, *ʔiq’ | |
| fire(wood) | *yəqʷ, *həyqʷ | |
| spark | *t’iqʷ | |
| rotten (wood) | *yəq’ʷ | |
| to be fed up | *yaw, *yəw | |
| to be slow | *ʔuy II | (inv.) |
| property, stingy | *yəw’kʷ, *yukʷ, *ʔawk’ʷ | |
| to descend, drop | *yəxʷ, *ləxʷ | |
| to be acquainted with, used to | *yuxʷ | |
| to grind, scratch, scrape | *yəʕ, *ʔiʕ | |
| to lose (ability, object, contest) | *ʕəl | |
| to cut (as hair) | *ʕi/al | |
| to stand upright; tree | *ʕ/ɣap | |
| to shrink | *ʕis | |
| hot, angry, growl | *ʕəy, *ʕi-n | |
| to become weak, tired, faint, sleep | *ʕʷal’ | |
| to boil, cook | *ʕʷəłqʷ, *ʕwəłqʷ | |
| to play, joke, make fun, laugh | *ʕʷəy |