Appendix:Northern Mansi Swadesh list
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This is a Swadesh list of words in Northern Mansi, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Northern Mansi мāньси лāтыӈ (mānʹsi lātyň) edit (207) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | ам (am) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | наӈ (naň) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | тав (tav) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | ме̄н (mēn) (dual), ма̄н (mān) (plural) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | нэ̄н (nè̄n) (dual), на̄н (nān) (plural) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | тэ̄н (tè̄n) (dual), та̄н (tān) (plural) |
| 7 | this | ты (ty) |
| 8 | that | та (ta) |
| 9 | here | тыт (tyt) |
| 10 | there | тот (tot) |
| 11 | who | хотьют (hotʹût) |
| 12 | what | ма̄ныр (mānyr) |
| 13 | where | хо̄т (hōt) |
| 14 | when | хунь (hunʹ) |
| 15 | how | хумус (humus) |
| 16 | not | а̄ти (āti) |
| 17 | all | пуссын (pussyn) |
| 18 | many | са̄в (sāv) |
| 19 | some | то̄ва (tōva) |
| 20 | few | мось (mosʹ) |
| 21 | other | мо̄т (mōt) |
| 22 | one | аква (akva) |
| 23 | two | китыг (kityg) |
| 24 | three | хӯрум (hūrum) |
| 25 | four | нила (nila) |
| 26 | five | ат (at) |
| 27 | big | яныг (ânyg) |
| 28 | long | хоса (hosa) |
| 29 | wide | харыс (harys), хара (hara) |
| 30 | thick | осыӈ (osyň) |
| 31 | heavy | та̄рвитыӈ (tārvityň) |
| 32 | small | ма̄нь (mānʹ) |
| 33 | short | ва̄ти (vāti) |
| 34 | narrow | осься (osʹsâ) |
| 35 | thin | во̄вта (vōvta) (thin ice), осься (osʹsâ) |
| 36 | woman | нэ̄ (nè̄) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | хум (hum) |
| 38 | man (human being) | э̄лмхо̄лас (è̄lmhōlas), хум (hum) |
| 39 | child | ня̄врам (nâ̄vram) |
| 40 | wife | э̄ква (è̄kva), нэ̄ (nè̄) |
| 41 | husband | хум (hum) |
| 42 | mother | ома (oma) |
| 43 | father | атя (atâ) |
| 44 | animal | ӯй (ūj) |
| 45 | fish | хӯл (hūl) |
| 46 | bird | товлыӈ ӯй (tovlyň ūj) (winged animal) |
| 47 | dog | кӯтюв (kūtûv), а̄мп (āmp), лӯӈи (lūňi) |
| 48 | louse | та̄кум (tākum) |
| 49 | snake | ялпынг уй (âlpyng uj) |
| 50 | worm | матар (matar), няруй (nâruj) |
| 51 | tree | йӣв (jīv) |
| 52 | forest | во̄р (vōr) |
| 53 | stick | са̄гла (sāgla) |
| 54 | fruit | пил (pil) (berry) |
| 55 | seed | ӯрлах (ūrlah), сам (sam) |
| 56 | leaf | лӯпта (lūpta) |
| 57 | root | та̄р (tār) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | кэ̄р (kè̄r) (obsolete), хуруп (hurup), сӯл (sūl) |
| 59 | flower | сё̄ри (së̄ri) |
| 60 | grass | пум (pum) (hay/grass) |
| 61 | rope | ква̄лыг (kvālyg) |
| 62 | skin | алписов (alpisov) (skin of the body), о̄хыӈтовыль (ōhyňtovylʹ) (treated leather), сов (sov) |
| 63 | meat | нё̄выль (në̄vylʹ) |
| 64 | blood | ке̄лп (kēlp) (blood/red) |
| 65 | bone | лув (luv) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | во̄й (vōj) |
| 67 | egg | мӯӈи (mūňi) |
| 68 | horn | а̄ньт (ānʹt) (antler/horn) |
| 69 | tail | лэ̄г (lè̄g), маськ (masʹk) (deers tail) |
| 70 | feather | пун (pun) (feather/fur) |
| 71 | hair | а̄т (āt) |
| 72 | head | пуӈк (puňk) |
| 73 | ear | паль (palʹ) |
| 74 | eye | сам (sam) |
| 75 | nose | нёл (nël) |
| 76 | mouth | сӯп (sūp) |
| 77 | tooth | пуӈк (puňk) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | не̄лум (nēlum) |
| 79 | fingernail | кос (kos) |
| 80 | foot | ла̄гылпатта (lāgylpatta) |
| 81 | leg | ла̄гыл (lāgyl) |
| 82 | knee | са̄нс (sāns) |
| 83 | hand | ка̄т (kāt) |
| 84 | wing | марк (mark) (arm/wing), товыл (tovyl) (wing/cover feather) |
| 85 | belly | со̄рыг (sōryg), пукы (puky) (tummy/belly) |
| 86 | guts | сах (sah) |
| 87 | neck | сыплув (sypluv), сып (syp) (neck area) |
| 88 | back | сыс (sys) (back side) |
| 89 | breast | ма̄гыл (māgyl) |
| 90 | heart | сым (sym) |
| 91 | liver | ма̄йт (mājt) |
| 92 | to drink | аюӈкве (aûňkve) |
| 93 | to eat | тэ̄ӈкве (tè̄ňkve) |
| 94 | to bite | пуруӈкве (puruňkve) |
| 95 | to suck | сыпгуӈкве (sypguňkve) |
| 96 | to spit | сальгуӈкве (salʹguňkve) |
| 97 | to vomit | ойтэнтахтаӈкве (ojtèntahtaňkve) |
| 98 | to blow | во̄тумтаӈкве (vōtumtaňkve) (the wind start blowing), во̄туӈкве (vōtuňkve) (the wind is blowing) |
| 99 | to breathe | лылтуӈкве (lyltuňkve) |
| 100 | to laugh | мувиньтаӈкве (muvinʹtaňkve) (laugh), мовала̄лаӈкве (movalālaňkve) (smile/laugh) |
| 101 | to see | ва̄ӈкве (vāňkve) |
| 102 | to hear | хӯлуӈкве (hūluňkve) |
| 103 | to know | ва̄ӈкве (vāňkve) |
| 104 | to think | номсуӈкве (nomsuňkve) |
| 105 | to smell | атая̄луӈкве (ataâ̄luňkve) |
| 106 | to fear | пилуӈкве (piluňkve) |
| 107 | to sleep | хуюӈкве (huûňkve) |
| 108 | to live | о̄луӈкве (ōluňkve) |
| 109 | to die | āтимыг ēмтуӈкве (ātimyg ēmtuňkve), хо̄луӈкве (hōluňkve) |
| 110 | to kill | алуӈкве (aluňkve) |
| 111 | to fight | воритотуӈкве (voritotuňkve) |
| 112 | to hunt | во̄раяӈкве (vōraâňkve) |
| 113 | to hit | ю̄ныгтаӈкве (û̄nygtaňkve) |
| 114 | to cut | пасатуӈкве (pasatuňkve) (to drill/stab/cut) |
| 115 | to split | халытаӈкве (halytaňkve) |
| 116 | to stab | пувтуӈкве (puvtuňkve) (to stab/poke/chisel) |
| 117 | to scratch | консуӈкве (konsuňkve) |
| 118 | to dig | хилуӈкве (hiluňkve) |
| 119 | to swim | уйгалаӈкве (ujgalaňkve) |
| 120 | to fly | тыглуӈкве (tygluňkve) |
| 121 | to walk | яласаӈкве (âlasaňkve), ялантаӈкве (âlantaňkve) |
| 122 | to come | йиӈкве (jiňkve) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | хӯлуӈкве (hūluňkve) |
| 124 | to sit | ӯнлуӈкве (ūnluňkve) |
| 125 | to stand | лю̄люӈкве (lû̄lûňkve) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | ё̄ӈхыгпаптуӈкве (ë̄ňhygpaptuňkve) |
| 127 | to fall | патуӈкве (patuňkve) |
| 128 | to give | миӈкве (miňkve) |
| 129 | to hold | о̄ньсюӈкве (ōnʹsûňkve), пувуӈкве (puvuňkve) (catch/hold) |
| 130 | to squeeze | пасиртаӈкве (pasirtaňkve) |
| 131 | to rub | сартлуӈкве (sartluňkve) |
| 132 | to wash | ловтуӈкве (lovtuňkve), посуӈкве (posuňkve) (wash cloths) |
| 133 | to wipe | сэ̄гуӈкве (sè̄guňkve) |
| 134 | to pull | хартуӈкве (hartuňkve) |
| 135 | to push | туюӈкве (tuûňkve), пувтуӈкве (puvtuňkve), нарыгта̄лыглаӈкве (narygtālyglaňkve) |
| 136 | to throw | па̄хвтуӈкве (pāhvtuňkve) |
| 137 | to tie | ха̄суӈкве (hāsuňkve) |
| 138 | to sew | ю̄нтуӈкве (û̄ntuňkve) |
| 139 | to count | ловиньтаӈкве (lovinʹtaňkve) |
| 140 | to say | ла̄вуӈкве (lāvuňkve) |
| 141 | to sing | э̄ргуӈкве (è̄rguňkve) |
| 142 | to play | ёнгуӈкве (ënguňkve) |
| 143 | to float | ра̄мпуӈкве (rāmpuňkve) |
| 144 | to flow | овтуӈкве (ovtuňkve) |
| 145 | to freeze | по̄льтуӈкве (pōlʹtuňkve) |
| 146 | to swell | лэ̄нтгэ̄нттаӈкв (lè̄ntgè̄nttaňkv) |
| 147 | sun | хо̄тал (hōtal) |
| 148 | moon | э̄тпос (è̄tpos) |
| 149 | star | сов (sov) |
| 150 | water | вит (vit) |
| 151 | rain | ракв (rakv) |
| 152 | river | я̄ (â̄) |
| 153 | lake | тӯр (tūr) |
| 154 | sea | ща̄рыщ (ŝāryŝ) |
| 155 | salt | солвал (solval) |
| 156 | stone | а̄хвтас (āhvtas) |
| 157 | sand | хыс (hys) |
| 158 | dust | порс (pors) |
| 159 | earth | ма̄ (mā) |
| 160 | cloud | тул (tul) |
| 161 | fog | сэ̄ӈкв (sè̄ňkv) |
| 162 | sky | то̄рум (tōrum) (god/sky) |
| 163 | wind | во̄т (vōt) |
| 164 | snow | тӯйт (tūjt) |
| 165 | ice | я̄ӈк (â̄ňk) |
| 166 | smoke | посым (posym) |
| 167 | fire | на̄й (nāj) |
| 168 | ash | хӯльм (hūlʹm) |
| 169 | to burn | на̄йн тыттуӈкве (nājn tyttuňkve) |
| 170 | road | лё̄ӈх (lë̄ňh) (trace, way) |
| 171 | mountain | ур (ur) |
| 172 | red | вы̄гыр (vȳgyr), ке̄лп (kēlp), меруп (merup), ке̄лпхарпа (kēlpharpa) |
| 173 | green | ня̄рппум оспа (nâ̄rppum ospa) (green as grass) |
| 174 | yellow | вощрам (voŝram) |
| 175 | white | я̄ӈк (â̄ňk) |
| 176 | black | сэ̄мыл (sè̄myl) |
| 177 | night | э̄ти (è̄ti) |
| 178 | day | хо̄тал (hōtal) |
| 179 | year | тāл (tāl) |
| 180 | warm | ма̄лтып (māltyp) |
| 181 | cold | асирма (asirma) |
| 182 | full | та̄глыӈ (tāglyň) |
| 183 | new | йильпи (jilʹpi) |
| 184 | old | пе̄с (pēs) (thing), матум (matum) (being) |
| 185 | good | ёмас (ëmas) |
| 186 | bad | лю̄ль (lû̄lʹ) |
| 187 | rotten | сайым (sajym) |
| 188 | dirty | восьлахыӈ (vosʹlahyň) |
| 189 | straight | сохт (soht) |
| 190 | round | е̄ӈта (ēňta) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | пе̄лп (pēlp) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | ляӈквы (lâňkvy) |
| 193 | smooth | састум (sastum) |
| 194 | wet | витыӈ (vityň) |
| 195 | dry | ка̄тра (kātra) |
| 196 | correct | ёмас (ëmas) |
| 197 | near | ляпа (lâpa) |
| 198 | far | хоса (hosa) |
| 199 | right | ёмаспа̄л (ëmaspāl) (right side) |
| 200 | left | во̄ртыпа̄л (vōrtypāl) (left side) |
| 201 | at | па̄лт (pālt) |
| 202 | in | какыр (kakyr) (inside (chest)), кхулт (khult) |
| 203 | with | -эл (-èl), -л (-l) |
| 204 | and | йа (ja), ос (os) |
| 205 | if | э̄рт (è̄rt) |
| 206 | because | ма̄гыс (māgys), кастыл (kastyl) |
| 207 | name | нам (nam) |