Appendix:Siouan and Pawnee Swadesh lists

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This is a Swadesh list of Siouan languages, specifically Lakota, Dakota, Osage, Tutelo and Crow, compared with that of Pawnee, as well as English. This list includes:

  • Lakota (Teton), also known as Thítȟuŋwaŋ — South Dakota, United States
  • Santee (Eastern) Dakota, also known as Isáŋyathi
  • Sisseton Dakota, also known as Sisíthuŋwaŋ; Santee subdivision
  • Yankton-Yanktonai (Western) Dakota, also known as Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna
  • Osage — Oklahoma, United States (origins in Kentucky)
  • Crow — Montana, United States
  • Tutelo (Yesanechi) — West Virginia, Virginia, United States
  • Pawnee — Oklahoma, United States (origins in Nebraska and Kansas); Skiri dialect used

Notes: Additional vocabulary words have been added after word no. 207 ("name"), since the original lengths of Swadesh lists are either 100 or 207 words. For Tutelo, reconstructed forms are marked by an asterisk (*). Pawnee, a Caddoan language, is also given for comparative purposes (the Caddoan languages are part of the hypothetical Macro-Siouan family).

List

[edit]
№ English Siouan languages Pawnee (heur)
Lakota Santee
Dakota 		Sisseton
Dakota 		Yankton-Yanktonai
Dakota 		Osage Tutelo Crow
1 I miyé, míš, ma-, wa-, wé-,
bl-, m- 		míye, míš, wa- henigu, mim(a), ma-, wa-, mi(n)-, wi- bii
2 you
(singular) 		niyé, níš, ya-, yé-, l-, ni-, n- níye yima, ya-, yi(n)-, yukan dii
3 he (hé), (0-marking) íye im(a) ii, ku, koo
4 we uŋkíye, uŋ-, uŋk-, uŋk’- uŋkiyepi, uŋkíye ma'e-, wa'e-, man(k)-, mimahuk bíilu
5 you
(plural) 		niyé, níš, ya-...pi, yé-...-pi,
l-...-pi, ni-...-pi, n-...-pi 		niyepi yimahuk, -pui, -pua díilu
6 they (hená) iyepi, iye-...-pi imahese, -hle, -hla, -hne íilu
7 this lé dé neke, nekin, lewa hinné tii-
8 that hé, ká hé heke, hekin, ena, yukan éehk, íilak, íahk ii-
9 here lél, léčhiya dén, déči káa ney, ley, newa hileén tii-
10 there hé, héčhiya, kál, kákhiya hén, héči šée hewa, kowa, yaq éehkoon, íilakaan, íahkoon ii-
11 who tuwá túwe pée ketowa, (h)etowa sapée takii
12 what táku táku, tóken, tóna táatą, háakǫ (k)aken sáapa kirikii
13 where tuktél, tókhiya tukten, tókiya howáįki toka shóo kiruu
14 when tóhaŋ, toháŋl tohan tokenaq shóottaleesh wii-
15 how tókhel, tókheškhe tóken, tóketu tok, toke, etuk shóota kirikii, kikii
16 not šni šni aží ki-...-na, yahan ssaa kikii
17 all iyúha, oyás’iŋ iyuha, oyasiŋ, owasiŋ záani huk, hok xaxúa kituu'u'
18 many óta óta ochí ohon, ohoteka ahú kari
19 some húŋȟ, eyá oŋǧe, waŋžikši, waŋží hépe hawá taku' (someone)
20 few čónala tónana čónana čóopa kooshtá kickuhki
21 other uŋmá uŋmaŋ ą́mą hawáta hii-
22 one waŋží waŋží wį nons hawáta ásku
23 two núŋpa nóŋpa ðǫǫpá nomp dúupa pítku
24 three yámni yámni ðáabrį nan dáawii táwit
25 four tópa tópa tóopa top shoópa kskiiti'iks, skítiks
26 five záptaŋ záptaŋ sáhtą kisan chíaxxu súhuks, síhuks
27 big tȟáŋka táŋka htą́ka (i)tan, isáa kusu'
28 long háŋska háŋska scece henem, *stetka háchka kii'ac
29 wide otȟáŋkaya hdakiŋyaŋtaŋka,
hdakiŋyaŋ, táŋkaya 		lą́ąðe dappachí katarihuur
30 thick šóka šóka šooká kicuucis
31 heavy tké tké skíke dashtachí taris (ir...)
32 small čík'ala čík'ada čík'ana čík'ana žįká kutska, niska' iá kiripacki
33 short ptéčela ptéčedaŋ ptéčena ptéčena čáahpa pummí tarikuc
34 narrow očík’ayela čístiŋna wahóšce chuá wasii
35 thin zizípela zizipedaŋ zizípena zizípena bréhka hableha packis
36 woman wíŋyaŋ winoȟiŋča wíŋyaŋ wakˀó mahe, mihen, mihan, warewa' bía cápaat
37 man
(adult male) 		wičháša wičhášta wičhášta wičháša níhka wahtaka' macheém, bacheé piíta
38 man
(human being) 		wičháša akáŋtula wičhášta wičhášta níhkašie nona, wayuwa' bilaxpáak caahiks
39 child
(a youth) 		wakȟáŋyeža hokšiyopa, šičéča wakȟáŋyeža žįká onska, niska', kutska, wagutska, wakasik dáaka haa
40 wife tȟawíču thawíču thawíču tȟawíču wakˀó tamihen uá capaára'u
41 husband hiŋgnáku hihnáku hihnáku hignáku níhka tamank chiláa piitára'u
42 mother iná iná iná iná iihǫ́ [his m.] hinen, henen (my m.) isahká, ihkáa cuustar'u
43 father até até até até iðáce [his f.] eyat [his f.] iilápxe, axée
44 animal wamákȟaškaŋ wamakhaškaŋ wamakhaškaŋ wamakȟaškaŋ wacúhta bíhka (female) rahúraahki
45 fish hoǧáŋ hoǧáŋ hoǧáŋ hoǧáŋ hó wihoq, bisoka buá kaciiki
46 bird ziŋtkála zitkádaŋ ziŋtkána ziŋtkána wažį́ka mayink, *man dakáaka rikucki
47 dog šúŋka šúŋka šúŋka šúŋka šǫ́ke chunk, chonk, chongo, tsunk, nonts bishká asaaki
48 louse héya héya héya héya hée beé pic
49 snake zuzéča zuzuhečedaŋ, wamduška zuzéča wécˀa wagen, handon iáxassaa rutpaacat
50 worm waglúla wabdúdaŋ wabdúna wagdúna htamá piíruus
51 tree čháŋ čháŋ čháŋ čháŋ žą́ą miyen', wiyen, oni balapáale haak-
52 forest čhúŋšoke, čhúŋtheȟike čhóŋtaŋka čhúŋšoke są́ą, žą́ą tahka, maqiga kaátuhaaru', kahuraaru'
53 stick
(of wood) 		čháŋ čháŋ čháŋ čháŋ žą́ąxe hankshik, oknashik, wanjek rakis, rakíripahki
54 fruit waskúyeča, watȟókeča waskúyeča waskúyeča waskúyeča waskúe táhawaaki'
55 seed sú sú sú sú súu do, *su rákiriiku'
56 leaf waȟpé, wápe apé waȟpé, wápe žąąpé oto' áapa kskiikaraaku'
57 root čhaŋhútkȟaŋ hútkhaŋ hútkhaŋ čhaŋhútkȟaŋ žą́ą kˀą wayugen kápaahcu'
58 bark
(of tree) 		čhaŋhá čhaŋhá čhaŋhá čhaŋhá hį́įce qapi, yohin' raákickuusu', rákataatu'
59 flower waȟčá, wanáȟča waȟčá waȟčá wanáȟča laaská wahiye raritkaraaku'
60 grass pȟeží wathó, pheží pheží pȟeží sunktagi bikkáa hiiru'
61 rope wíkȟaŋ wíkhaŋ wíkhaŋ wíkȟaŋ waquk (string, cord) dasshía haas-, haski
62 skin
(of a person) 		há há há há xúhaa daxxípi ckuusu'
63 meat
(as in flesh) 		tȟaló thadó thadó tȟadó htáa wayuqtik, gwayutik aluulí, ilúk kísaacki
64 blood wé wé wé wé wayi íili paatu'
65 bone hohú huhú huhú huhú wahu, waho hulí kiisu'
66 fat
(noun) 		wašíŋ šiŋ wašíŋ wašíŋ taláa ahitki
67 egg wítka wítka wítka wítka pos ihká ripiiku'
68 horn hé hé hé hé tabike, *he paariiku'
69 tail siŋté siŋté siŋté siŋté *sont chíisa ritkuta
70 feather
(rather not down) 		wíyake wíyaka wíyaka wíyaka hiitu'
71 hair pȟehíŋ, híŋ pahíŋ, híŋ pȟehíŋ paha naton', nanton', *(pa)hin isshií uúsu'
72 head natá, pȟá phá natá, pȟá pasuye, *pa aashúu paksu'
73 ear núŋǧe, nakpá núŋǧe, nakpá núŋǧe, nakpá núŋǧe, nakpá nahtah nahoq, nahoh, naqoq ahpá ítkahaaru'
74 eye ištá ištá ištá ištá ehtah tasu ishtá kíriiku'
75 nose pȟasú phasú phasú pȟasú pah paqte apá cúsu'
76 mouth í í í í iha ih íi haaka'u'
77 tooth
(rather not molar) 		hí hí hí hí iha ih ií aaru'
78 tongue čheží čheží čheží čheží nechi, lechi déeshi haátu'
79 fingernail napšáke, wičhášake napsukaza šáke shagahah chuchag, tsutsak itáxpuu aspiitu'
80 foot sí sí sí sí sih ishi ichí asu'
81 leg hú hú hú hú yeksa; mini (my l.) iihulí, dáata (calf) kaásu'
82 knee čhaŋkpé hupáhu čhaŋkpé ishúushi paakiisu'
83 hand napé napé napé napé shagah hak isché iksu'
84 wing ȟupáhu ȟupáhu ȟupáhu ȟupáhu iáxpa raaritpiiru'
85 belly thezí, ikpí thezí, ikpí thezí, ikpí thezí, ikpí sementa eelá, íishpuua karaaru'
86 guts šupé šupé šupé šupé shíipa riícu'
87 neck tȟahú thahú thahú tȟahú tahu tase áapa, ahpá kiícu'
88 back čhuwí tapete čhuwí dúule ríctaaku', taátu'
89 breast makhú makhú makhú makhú *masa áache iítu'
90 heart čhaŋté čhaŋté čhaŋté čhaŋté yant daasá piícu'
91 liver phí phí phí phí tapi apté kariíku'
92 to drink yatkÁŋ, wayátkAŋ, yaȟépA yatkÁŋ, wayátkaŋ, yaȟépA yatkÁŋ, wayátkaŋ, yaȟépA yatkÁŋ, wayátkaŋ, yaȟépA (o)lakpe isshíi kiikaa
93 to eat yútA, wótA, tȟebyÁ, watȟébyA yútA, wótA, thebyÁ, wathébyA yútA, wótA, thebyÁ, wathébyA yútA, wótA, tȟebyÁ, watȟébyA wanumbra walut, (i)luta, luti, ruti duushí wa'ac
94 to bite yaȟtákA, wayáȟtakA yaȟtákA, wayaȟtakA yaȟtákA, wayaȟtakA yaȟtákA, wayaȟtakA olashke, (i)latkusha dáashia, dáapxi (animal) ka'uc
95 to suck yaǧópA yazoka yaǧópA yaǧópA dáaxuchi kituus
96 to spit tȟaǧóša thaǧóša thaǧóša tȟaǧóša shuá hawat
97 to vomit glépA hdépA hdépA gdépA kiksuq kalée rahkata'a
98 to blow
(as wind) 		tȟaté póȟiyeya, bobdu thaté tȟaté bequn huutuhwica (ir...)
99 to breathe niyÁ niyÁ niyÁ niyÁ hiksta'a (ir...)
100 to laugh iȟát’A iȟá inkseh, inksheha káa awask
101 to see waŋyáŋkA waŋyáka waŋyáŋkA waŋyáŋkA ine, oqata, waqeta íkaa eerit
102 to hear naȟ’úŋ naȟ’úŋ naȟ’úŋ naȟ’úŋ iikukkú atka'uk
103 to know
(a fact) 		slolyÁ sdonyÁ sdodyÁ sdodyÁ onshpe éhche iita
104 to think iyúkčaŋ, kéčhiŋ, ečhíŋ, awíyukčaŋ awáčhiŋ, ečhíŋ iyúkčaŋ, awíyukčaŋ, kéčhiŋ, ečhíŋ (ki)konspe, opemiha hiliachi wickaa
105 to smell
(sense odor) 		ómna ómna, mna ómna ómna uwalahaha, *pin kahaara (ut...)
106 to fear kȟokípȟA khokíphA khokíphA kȟokípȟA riru (uur...)
107 to sleep ištíŋmA ištíŋmA ištíŋmA ištíŋmA hiyan iháwi itka
108 to live ní ní ní ní ti, inina-gine bilaxpáake kus
109 to die t’Á t’Á t’Á t’Á ochonka, tey(olaha) hurahac, kuut
110 to kill kté kté kté kté kite, la(ka)tskiha dappeé kuutik
111 to fight khízA khízA khízA khízA apak
112 to hunt
(transitive) 		tȟátȟe, wakhúl yÁ, wayé ode, ihni, wanase, wotihni paariisat
113 to hit ó, apȟÁ apa ó, apȟÁ kohinank-he, kite dichí tahik
114 to cut kaksÁ, yuksÁ, paksÁ, waksÁ kaksÁ, baksÁ kaksÁ, yuksÁ, paksÁ, baksÁ kaksÁ, yuksÁ, paksÁ, baksÁ olashpe, lakashpe, la(ka)tkusha, kati páshku kacak
115 to split kasléčA kasdéčA kasdéčA kasdéčA lakasha, kati (chop) dappaxí; dútatchi (chop) rahkaka'us
116 to stab
(or stick) 		čhapȟÁ čhaphÁ čhaphÁ čhapȟÁ icakuusk (ut...)
117 to scratch
(an itch) 		yuk’éǧA yuk’oga yuk’éǧA ilachke, konaqlota dúukaaxi, dúhkapi tapirat
118 to dig k’Á k’Á k’Á k’Á dappaxí huuhatawuh
119 to swim nuŋwÁŋ niwáŋ nuŋwÁŋ ina bíiwi hasa
120 to fly kiŋyÁŋ kiŋyÁŋ kiŋyÁŋ kiŋyÁŋ u'a (ir...)
121 to walk máni máni máni máni opa, yala díili; dée (to go) at, war, wuu
122 to come ú, hí, glí, kú ú, hí, hdí, kú ú, hí, hdí, kú ú, hí, gdí, kú ho, hi, hala, qala, (a)la, ile húu a (ir...)
123 to lie
(as on one's side) 		ȟpáyA, yuŋkÁ ȟpáyA, waŋkÁ xapí, iluxxúa uuc, tacta, tiisa
124 to sit yaŋkÁ yaŋka, íyotaŋka (mah)ananka, nancheka awáachi kus, wihak
125 to stand nážiŋ nážiŋ (o)nenhe iluú arik
126 to turn
(change direction) 		kawíŋǧA kawíŋǧa apitaarahak (ut...)
127 to fall
(as in drop) 		hiŋȟpáyA hiŋȟpáya hip'e himpa u'a (ir...), ukuk
128 to give k’ú k’ú (a)go, ogo kuú uuh
129 to hold
(in one's hand) 		oyúspA oyúspa *ske ahuk (ut...)
130 to squeeze yušlí, -škičA t’iŋsa yúza, -skiča awaacic
131 to rub pawíŋtA pakíŋta áxxaxxi ritawi'at
132 to wash yužáža yužáža kuluja íisshuwi hiikara'uk (ur...)
133 to wipe pakhíŋtA pakíŋta rikatawihak
134 to pull yutítaŋ yutítaŋ ludi dakaá awiciihkuk
135 to push patítaŋ pataŋ, patítaŋ ohinhne páachile kuuca'is
136 to throw kaȟ’ól kaȟoiyeya awarik
137 to tie kaškÁ kaška olohi daxchí tawuh
138 to sew kaǧéǧe kaǧéǧe yeho(ha), ihoha chikáachi icakuusk
139 to count yawá yawá yilanaha chimmí kitawuh
140 to say eyÁ éya hahe he, sheé taka'u
141 to sing lowáŋ dowáŋ yameniye, *hadon dáawee, baláxi raara'uk, kata'iir
142 to play škátA škáta iiwaannía kusisaar
143 to float okáǧA ókapota, ókaȟboka ugre huucakusaa'at
144 to flow kalúzA kadúza kiicu'at
145 to freeze osní šíčA tasagya, tasaka arac
146 to swell pó pó huuta'a (ir...)
147 sun wí, aŋpétu wí wí, aŋpetuwi min áxxaashe sakuru'
148 moon haŋwí haŋwí mimahe, minosa' bilítaachiia paa
149 star wičháȟpi wičhaŋȟpi tabuninchka ihká huupírit
150 water mní miní, mní meni bilí kiicu'
151 rain maǧážu maǧážu qawo' xalaá cuhuuru'
152 river wakpá wakpá wanchiskah takse, taksita áashi kicka
153 lake blé mdé bdé yeten kiwahaaru'
154 sea
(as in ocean) 		mniwáŋča miniwáŋča yetan kiwahaar
155 salt mniskúya miniskúya machigonyon awa-xóosa ka'it
156 stone íŋyaŋ íŋyaŋ nistek, histek bií, baáhpa a'wiwii'a
157 sand čhasmú čhasmú kíwiktu'
158 dust makȟáblu makamdu makȟábdu puxxké itkaaru'
159 earth
(as in soil) 		makȟá makhá makȟá aman(i) awá huraaru'
160 cloud maȟpíya maȟpiya maqosi ahpaaxá cka'u'
161 fog p’ó minip’o manotihu (foggy) pihuu'u'
162 sky maȟpíya, maȟpíya tȟó maȟpíyatho mahah manton' awaahaksu'
163 wind
(as in breeze) 		tȟaté thaté tȟaté maminkle, maminkre, mangre huutawirihuur
164 snow wá wá hohiye bíia huraa'u'
165 ice čháǧa čháǧa nonha nonq, mingirachah bulúxa raasiitu'
166 smoke šóta šóta alákkuaa raawiisu'
167 fire pȟéta phéta pȟéta pajah p'ech alápee, biláa taruuc
168 ash čhaȟóta čaȟóta alapok karaatuuhcu'
169 to burn
(intransitive) 		ilé idé inawsinga kahuurik aláxii
170 road čhaŋkú čaŋkú, očaŋkú hentkoq alía hatuur-
171 mountain ȟé ȟé, pahataŋka shuq, oheka awaxaawé waawikii'ac, paa'u'
172 red šá šá shugah achut', achuti híssha pahaat
173 green tȟó, tȟózi, ziyátȟo tó, ziyato oto'lakon bimmaáhchiia taree'uus
174 yellow zí zí sihah si shíila rahkataar
175 white ská, sáŋ ská skah asan, aseni chía taakaar
176 black sápA sápa saba asep', rahoni shipíta kaatiit
177 night haŋhépi haŋyetu haŋhépi osi hiirisu'
178 day
(daytime) 		aŋpétu aŋpétu aŋpa hompahe nahamp maapá, baapí saak-
179 year ómakȟa, waníyetu ómaka, waníyetu rikátihaaru'
180 warm
(as in weather) 		okȟátA káta akateka, akatiya tawée (hot) awirit
181 cold
(as in weather) 		osní sni, osní sani chilía raawaasit
182 full ožúla ožúdaŋ iaxpáshi kaawakit
183 new tȟéča téča tiiraraa
184 old káŋ, tȟaŋníla ehaŋna, káŋ hohka xaalía pakuu'at, pakuuht
185 good wašté wašté (e)bi, (e)pi, api, ipi, biken ítche hiir
186 bad šíčA šíča okayek(iken), kayik, *isi'
187 rotten
(as, a log) 		puŋpúŋ poŋpóŋ raahuur, kawuu'at
188 dirty šápA šápa íaxxaaxii aciicis (ut...)
189 straight owótȟaŋla owótaŋna paasaat
190 round gmigméla hmiyaŋyaŋ bush, walikaskunq chichiáxi riwiruu
191 sharp
(as a knife) 		pȟé pé attá icka'u
192 dull
(as a knife) 		t’ózA ot’óza katahiis
193 smooth stoyéla šdušduta, stosto intkus xáapi (flat) kiiriks
194 wet spáyA spáya kipaar
195 dry
(adjective) 		púzA púza úuchi taahiis
196 right
(correct) 		wíčákȟA wičáka, owotaŋna ontse (to be real, true) kaáshi, táa(hi)li uúrariisit
197 near khiyéla kiyédaŋ, ikiyédaŋ kaŋyéla aska, inkte áhta tahurar
198 far tȟéhaŋl téhan, téhantu henem (to be f.) awateé ii'uut
199 right
(side) 		išláyataŋhaŋ akapataŋhaŋ oŋspeapataŋhan piihkáwi'u' (arm)
200 left
(side) 		čhatkáyataŋhaŋ čatka, napečatka kúsaksi'
201 at ektá, él ektá -ya htée, chiisaa, ko, n
202 in ogná, mahél ohná, mahén agine n kaa-
203 with
(accompanying) 		kičhí, ób kičí, om, oŋ -ya aák
204 and na k’a k’a na nigas laa hii
205 if háŋtaŋš, héči kiŋhaŋ, héčiŋhaŋ li-
206 because ičhíŋ nakaš dakaš ii, dassheen kaátu'
207 name čhažé čažé dáashi hisaask
208 house thípi típi tiyah ati ashí, awaasúu akaaru'
209 wall thitȟáhephiya tibosdata ashhéelahke uukatahaaru'
210 deer tȟáȟča táȟča wita' úuxa taa
211 mouse itȟúŋkala hituŋkadaŋ chiwáwuuli iírikis
212 rabbit maštíŋčala maštíŋča tanyonyaha iischí párus
213 eagle waŋblí waŋmdí déaxkaash,
dúuptakoische 		riítahkaac
214 spider itkómi uŋktomi caciks
215 face ité ité taluken, te iisá cka'u'
216 body tȟaŋčháŋ taŋčáŋ yuqtik, tesi axúa taríkta'u'
217 navel čhekpá čekpadoka istéhpa ríwaacu'
218 finger napsú, napsúkaza napsúkaza hak ishkulí ikskiicu'
219 sick
(painful) 		wayázaŋ wayazaŋka waginoma raata'u (painful)
220 needle tȟahíŋšpa čík’ala tahíŋšpačík’adaŋ siistitpaat
221 clothing hayápi, oígluze heyake opoqe (coat) baaaxuássee raápi'u'
222 thunder wakíŋyaŋ wakiŋyaŋhotoŋ tuhi suú kirir
223 lightning wakȟáŋgli wakaŋhdi tabunitska, kopaksekse paawaapicisu'
224 above waŋkáta waŋkan áaka ackat
225 below khúta, hukhúta, oȟláthe kúya, ihukuya, ókaȟ biaxsáa (under) uktata-
226 to cough hoȟpÁ hoȟpa acikcak
227 to buy opȟétȟuŋ opetoŋ kilomiha íaschili paapuh
228 to choose kaȟníǧA, pahí kaȟníǧa, čiŋ chilakappí kusik
229 to grow ičháǧA ičáǧa apáali tatpaa (plants),
uuspaa (hair)
230 to open yuǧáŋ (with hand) yuǧáŋ lupet ara-
231 to steal manúŋ manoŋ manoma, ilusha ataalí ta'uut
232 to dream iháŋblA wíhaŋmna itki (ut...)
233 to cry čhéyA čéya qaka chíaxi, íiwe kikak
234 to yawn iyóyA iyówa haakiiwaaks
235 to cook lol’íȟ’aŋ ohaŋ, špaŋyaŋ, wohaŋ óosshee arasik
236 six šákpe šákpe šápe agasp, akasp áka, akaawá kskiksaapic
237 seven šakówiŋ šakowiŋ péðǫǫpa sagom sáhpua pitkusiksaapic
238 eight šaglóǧaŋ šahdoǧaŋ šakdoǧaŋ kiétoopa palan dúupahpi tawiksaapic
239 nine napčíyuŋka napčiwaŋka gðébðǫ tse wį ðįge ksank hawátahpi ruksiriiwaara
240 ten wikčémna wikčemna gðébðǫ puchk piláka ruksiri'

Sources

[edit]
  • New Lakota Dictionary. Ullrich, Jan F, ed. Lakota Language Consortium, 2008.
  • An English-Dakota Dictionary. Williamson, J. P. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1992.
  • Osage Dictionary. Quintero, Carolyn. University of Oklahoma Press, 2009.
  • A Grammar of Crow: Apsáalooke Aliláau. Graczyk, Randolph. University of Nebraska Press, 2007.
  • Dictionary of the Crow language. Reed, George. Thesis. 1975. M.S. — Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Foreign Literatures and Linguistics.
  • Tutelo (Yesanechi) Etymological Lexicon. Meuse, William. Netsanet, 2010.
  • A Dictionary of Skiri Pawnee. Douglas R. Parks and Lula Nora Pratt. University of Nebraska Press, 2008.
[edit]
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